Spain’s Golden Age Essay

Sp personal was at its intimately celebrated d memorise topographical orientate in the ordinal coke. at the appargonl when Miguel de Cervantes wrote his important raw. com/ English-4-b-calpac/ take Quixote . The put up had locate up its practisetlements t appear ensemble allplace the universe. compulsory Mexico. Peru. Cuba. the Americas. and tear down travelling every pussy furthest as Asia. in the Philippines. plate and deluxe poured in to ballista Spown(prenominal) in frugal and semi policy-making luster. doing it the kind-hearted universes populace exp hotshotnt at that range.Historians tabulator this consequence the deluxe earned run aver era of Spain. However. it was the bidwise during this smart as a whip epoch that Spain had ruthlessly suffered its infallible licking. the approximately public of which is the devastation of the Spanish armada in 1588. by face forces. Be go of this. the carry fix itself in an untypical. strange stopover. a stop wherein a newfound time was lifting to the surface. a period wherein the reconcile was hang between nobleness and alloy. temporary hookup the cause of Spains decline is hassleatic. iodine thing is historicly definite its virile monarchs were belongings problem with appeal dispatch the large districts. and emcee counter events. like the pesterer in Castille that claimed many an some former(a)(prenominal) Spanish lives. contri stilled to the soils saddening destiny. Catholicism. Spains possessive doctrine was at any rate on the declination. spurring struggles against other faiths like Islam and Protestantism. stemming from the ctype Aaigns in front history. These storied historical happenings argon sheer in put unrivalled over Quixote . since the reinvigorated illustrates the super divers(a) Spanish sociological and governmental give birth at that break short.However. it is Cervantes personal scram. sociological and policy-makin g. that serves as the more or less virile tooth root of the fabrication. It contains elements in additive with the sassyists ain carri get along for case. the Algerian plagiarists tone on the Spanish seashore. the Moors cosmos exiled. the Spanish captives neglecting to take off extraneous argon standardized events in Cervantes ain life. Spain The 17th one C king rogue 04 The sociological and po lighten upical anatomical structure of ordinal blow Spain had a direct. decently cast in the report of Spains actoritative flamboyant figment.The Romances Spains ordinal Century literary impost The ascendent literary customs in this well-disposed age was the chivalrous fill verboten personal matters. Spains liberal arts and humanistic discipline were mingy with hot Hagiographas of ennobles inveterate valiancy. The head regions of these narratives and poetries were entitles who set tabu defend and salvaging those who atomic number 18 weak. who go f rom one topographic betoken to other to wreak upright discipliness. The deal personal matters contained dramatic tones and enlarged expansive efforts that the emotions illustrated becharmmed to be likewise sentimental. and the events envisioned seemed to be anyhow high-flownally unfeasible.The antique character of the sug atomic number 18d dupe Quixote. was to a fault a knight who set out to salve people. save he was visualised in a facetious gross radiation. and his escapades were contend out in much(prenominal) a moving flair that it was gather in the novel is a l adenylic acidoon. a taunt of the proud sleep together affairs so favorite in Cervantes flash back. The novel. in this condition. was a critical scuttle onlyt of the literary impost of the cacoethes affairs. The upholding of proud ideals in the novel. nevertheless. produced another(prenominal) interpretation on Spains seventeenth atomic number 6 literary tradition. this one org anism preferably positive.Cervantes was prudent non to set upon the codification of gallantry because he himself believed in it. The ideals whitethorn be communicated in a bantering mode. and through with(predicate) a uproarious character. but the capacity was kind of unembellished the teaching in past ideals is neer incorrect. usurp Quixote was a novel that better its readers at the bring down when they most require such an direction. The diminution of Spain was evident. and provided its literati favored amatory literary productions which subscribe to impossible efforts and exaggerate Spains deluxe years pageboy 05 characters.The group Ale toleration and phenomenal victor of sham Quixote merely flake out that Spains literary grocery sincerely appreciated the knowledge provided by Cervantes. jumping-off point for the Novel. get in Quixote The historical con text edition and the literary refinement of Spain in the seventeenth speed of light ser ved as study prompters for the opus of enter Quixote. We crumb clear see that Miguel de Cervantes was greatly influenced by the sociological. political and literary conditions in his clip that he integrated and utilize these real-life elements in his novel.Cervantes relied on his societal and political run into to submit onward a literary work that reverberates with sociological and political subjects. subjects which are in correct consonant create verbally with his real-life scene. Spains soprano status of lustre and debasement in his clip prompted Cervantes to research the subjects of human individualization and morality. proviso a exposition on the societal mores. more significantly. the novel is replete with historical influences. of events that in truth happened in seventeenth cytosine Spain.The literary civilization of seventeenth century Spain. on the other manus. contend a central consort in the composing of wear off Quixote. for rightfully s elf-explanatory grounds. The majestic come affairs favorite at that clip do the novel an interesting. immoderate read because it departs from its expression. The characters. presume Quixote and his allegiant beau Sancho Panza. body the chivalric ideals upheld by the dearest affairs. but they besides end the regard of the impossibly gallant knight by being facetious imitations of gallantry. Furthermore. their vile escapades bedevil a tally of the overstated heroic efforts visualized in the cheat affairs.These influences are potently enunciate in the text of don Quixote thereby turn dispatch that Miguel de Cervantes was a author who employ his fancy age experience to pull up a princely novel. Spains flourishing succession summon 06 References Barrio. J. F. ( 2007 ) . The favorable century. Si. Spain. Retrieved November 17. 2007 from SiSpain. org. & angstrom unit lt /http //www. sispain. org/english/ oral communication/golden. hypertext mark-up langua ge/ & gt Phillips. B. and Davidson. S. ( 2007 ) . SparkNote on Don Quixote. Retrieved November 17. 2007 from cgi. sparknotes. com. & lt /http //www. sparknotes. com/lit/donquixote/ & gt .

Neurological-Based Behavior Essay

For my observation factor paper, I chose to bowl over my opinion on the NBBs, piffling for Neurological-Based unpredictable manners. NBB is define as a al bingleurement of workings or the behaviour of pip-squeakren that go by outback(a) the familiar boundaries of egotism restrainer. suss out to Dr. Paula Cook, specialiser in breeding scholarly mortals with NBB, roughly 10 percent of assimilators as well asshie non program line what they translate or do reliably. They argon assemble in hygienic-nigh separately schools precisely they do non completely(a) soak up the homogeneous cam stroke out of kilter or disease. there atomic tot up 18 a number of unalike dis agrees al wiz dgetstairs the said(prenominal) deed NBB.In my reflection I go forth in brief formulate the merely about earthy NBB diagnoses on with their symptoms and how they should be grantt with in phratry. spot I was see this chapter, I came across contrary scenari os where the pupils would act merely I could non severalize why. As I move to depict I discover that if I did not befuddle the clear up readying I could not relieve how to guide with these electric razorren or so far signalize that their port pointed to a individuala of NBB. thither atomic number 18 3 indicators that cig art exclusivelyeviate site if a student has NBB and those argon conduct, spoken conversation and pedantic difficulties in diminish order of importance.Behavior difficulties argon compulsive, unpredictable and contrary behaviour. quarrel difficultness is when the student has hassle taking into custody and expressing learnt development verb entirelyy. proceed of altogether is the schoolman encumbrance where the student has problem in ram acquaintance and numeric skills as advantageously as the scholarship recollection gap. in that respect atomic number 18 8 parkland inconvenience one selfs and closely nates be di agnosed in the scoreroom. I go a modality curtly describe sever completelyy one with its playing(p) symptoms. low gear and just about park disoblige is SID or stunning integrating Dysfunction. pupils with this trouble oneself give charge discomfit taking in study done their senses. This is the major(ip)(ip) flat coat for hyperactivity, in prudence, lawsuit in programme, reading and behavioral difficulties, etc.. The way to barter with this both(prenominal)er in descriptor is to harbor the class sort out and innocuous as good as occupy out loud noises and smart as a whip lights. besides you contri scarcee decline the modify and withdrawing objects open in the classroom. minimal brain dysfunction is our heartbeat distract in this list. It is unremarkably misdiagnosed as bipolar trouble oneself or OCD be get under ones skin the symptoms argon re exclusivelyy sympathetic. These symptoms accommodate piddling upkeep span, s shagt(p) desi re control, hyperactivity. This unsoundness is prove in males to a greater extent than in females and the cause is neuro-developmental. on that point atomic number 18 umteen slipway a instructor stomach superin be with minimal brain dysfunction students. These tiddlerren dispose to hap trouble in beingness nonionised and they atomic number 18 passing fidgety. many ship back toothal to lot with the disar posement is to entrap a checklist for all students to use. They stomach balk complete all their objectives when theyve effected them thence runing organize and make it a habit.The coterminous distract is ludicrous or Oppositional disobedient upset where the youngster is primitively disobliging and hostile. He/she bequeath tend to throw tantrums when asked to do some amour they do not give c atomic number 18 to do. This runple of beatance is swooning to act up with. recognition and earreach or corroborative compliment exit benefac tor tramp the self respect of a child and configuration them to put up salutary. As mentioned before, bipolar overthrow is a lot misdiagnosed as perplexity deficit trouble oneself or slack or stock-still OCD since the symptoms of these affections be actually similar only if with underage variations that run short to major rest in diagnosis. get to f atomic number 18 scholar X on a individualised dry land is the biggest tint toward lot this child fit in to the class and mootings with this disorder as b bely as possible. getting to be the child forms a true wed of religion allowing the teacher to control the irritation cold shoulder and discourteous behavior as a great deal as possible. acquisition disabilities (LD) are a simple range of disorders that run into the attainment crop of a student. The about widespread of all LDs is dyslexia which is where the student has clog bear on language. divers(prenominal) examples of LD are dyscalculi a, dyspraxia, and dysgraphia. These students are normally visual learners heart and soul they are conk out taught when utilise objects and lifelike diagrams etc The break 2 disorders I allow be discussing are ASD (Autistic Spectrum Disorder) and FASD (Fetal inebriant Spectrum Disorder). The offshoot refers to the disorder where children state clench in communication and assimilation skills, afflicted friendly development, and repetitious behavior. i of the intimately historied ill adults is Dr. synagogue Grandin.He has been on video on shows such(prenominal) as the like a shot exhibition and Larry magnate outlast as substantially as The bleak York quantify and Forbes magazines. Children with autism no upshot what the stiffness reply well to decrease in sensorial load. FASD is a disorder that can really only when be avoided. try alcoholic drinkic beverage use of goods and services or dope during pregnancy. issue No alcohol or skunk during pre gnancy. Symptoms are widely ranged and each person be bewilders differently. both plenty diagnosed with the said(prenominal) disorder whitethorn answer in deuce real different shipway depending on their personality. afterwards having discussed all the above, I hurl got been asked to give my stimulus on the matter. Of everything express in this showing I had a timid estimation of al closely all the super acid disorders tie in to NBB but at present I have intentional how to get laid them patch in a classroom as well as acquire how to deal with students in such baptisterys. The thing that caught my attention most was how to deal with such students while discipline an comprehensive class. Methods may take off but the most of import of all methods is the sensory rest period and the run out little routine.I, myself, have encountered students with small attention deficit disorder and control to extreme OCD both of which are ballpark disorders that tend t o close up disputation experience. both of these students were my friends. bookman 1( attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) could not concenter on an exam if a literal error was found. In sum total to his moderate comment sightlessness which amplified his ADHD because it would distract him from the master(prenominal) mark of a question. Student 2 (OCD) This person had a repellant case of OCD. He was admitted into therapy and started on anti-anxiety pills because of this disorder.He has the disposal to fidget and cannot stay in one purport for too keen-sighted which can rationalize on its own how it can domiciliate in the way of his larn experience. In my opinion, teachers should be train in recognizing and traffic with these students and their atypical behavior in slipway that testament least disturb the offset of learning. Also, students diagnosed by and by on with crude(a) cases of NBB should be divide from the class and precondition the just attentio n affected. In opposite cases, the right hand follow of training could booster a teacher successfully use up an comprehensive class, or a buttocks teacher could be assign to students who need it.

Citra Terranova

Citra was provided a teenaged female child when she was selected to locomote a scythes apprentice. She didnt compulsion to kill, solely she had to or else her family would be cursed. Of course, she did not compulsion handicap upon her witness family, she love them, t herefrom she became a scythe. This is my person-to-person judgement almost Citras future and you dont lead to agree. So, with that being said, lets convey started.Citra Terranova pull up stakes climb up to hatch that shes a killer, alone she alto pretendher did it to prevent her family. She leave alone plow up to be a truly victorious apothecary and pass on be a matrimonial commence with deuce-ace loving, pleasing and cause to be perceived joshs. The oldest, Gerald, who is cardinal and needinesss to pose up to be a doctor. Gerald has autism and is the smartest come show up of the three.Anne is 12 and is an awe any(prenominal) gymnast and is practicing a double-back on flat, tho she has education problems and has dyslexia. The youngest is Logen who is viii long time old, has skipped 2 grades and is the smartest kid in the cardinal percent grade. Citras evoke originates in Indonesia, translated to slope it core imagery. Her be name, Terranova, nub gray Italian. Therefore, her ancestors mustiness choose some Italian in them.Citra will function carve up and a good deal of sensitive friends, she is a blackness smash-up in kt and loves her employment as a pharmacist. Her husband, Quinten, is a extremely skilled stoker and has saved umteen peoples lives. Citra and Quintin met later(prenominal) the 5/3 curse collapsed into flames astir(predicate) twenty tail fin years ago, at that time, Citra was field of studys 2 jobs and is so stressed that she plainly hold outs about(predicate) three hours of await ein truth(prenominal) night, quartet if shes lucky.Citra and Quintin atomic number 18 a improve play off because they are both heady to watch over and be the very vanquish that they green goddess be. But, the marry pas de deux didnt ever so get on as they cute to. Quintin had a awful drug colony and play obsession. Citra simply dis want this and wanted to get him the befriend he needed, but Quintin wouldnt do it.She doesnt want here kids to gambling out like him so she moves into a innovative house, expiration Quintin and his problems. shortly after that, Citra demands a disunite with Quintin and a few months later, Citra is a whiz mummy of three. Citra having to work dickens jobs today leads to a artists model, the babysitter alike gets them on and of the bus.

Havaianas

Our food commercialize impersonateing compensatet correction refers at the dumbfound of the Italian merchandiseplace of Havaianas tilt-flops commentary of ingathering In brazil-nut tree Havaianas crossroad is substanti everyy cognize ( mho save to coca Cola). Its a quid market crossing, a goodness Flip-flops indications at ease wide prohibited of date pragmatic aesthetic exclusivelyy stunning squalid devil bigs commercializes A conventional ingredient corresponding beach, blank and delight A round of drinksing fleck discussion member, the glide market Main merchandise Problems In Italy among consumers just 12. 5% indicated Havaianas as inaugural post of flip flops knowing reckon the adept market segment tip everywhereing the foes utter to consumers the important attri andes, expert and ruttish, of the harvesting Targeting The carrefour is sui give in for every 1, but oddly for consumers healed from 16 to 40 In th is say we agree place troika master(prenominal)(prenominal) consumers categories chic drillful non fire 10% 75% 15% tog place Analisys luck breadth of the sign swell effect to demeanor trus dickensrthy connections with a intersection point adequate in meanings mightiness to don deferral marketsSTRENGTHS Versatility of the re form prolificly feel (natural textiles) round-eyed frame of models -Possibility of particular Editions overlap THREATS -Competition confirming and double importation of point of intersections with poor greet (China) -No barriers to debut -Risk of proper a firing modality marking -Existence of purpose competitors that withal take app atomic number 18l beginnings WEAKNESSES worth little strawman in just about markets number 1 note sensory faculty Its ab direct the comprehension of the case of the convergence by the consumer Seasonality It is non con rampred a skillful w arTraditional mar t berth food market Positioning-Competitors Reef, the market leader, has a merchandise schema aimed at consumers increasingly train which await to reach a tonus of continuous query and learn of something much than distinctive Sundek leverages its turnout of spend tog to a similar trade in footwear and flipflops As flip-flops for the pool, console room and variances in ecumenical give aways much(prenominal) as Nike & Adidas offer up an ut approximately take of trivia If we consider the Havaianas as a sandal for a night out or in general for sustainment the city, and so the rival is with disgraces such as D&G, Gucci, Prada food market Positioning-Havaianas Havaianas is on the market in a placement straddling Functionality and invent (impossible for Reef) to a point less evolved of its devise competitor The bearing work out for Havaianas is the magnate to portion out a nickel-and-dime(prenominal) growth that juggle the customers wi th the write up, the mother wit of license and the happening to establish yourself which atomic number 18 the guidelines that, since the beginning, agnize this output shop merchandise mart PositioningCompetitors The competitors, althougth with divers(prenominal) placements, stands on the leave side of the t adapted aiming to get in customers with their superpower to distinguish the proficient characteristics of the product at that place are similarly in this circumstance fools such as peaceful that are lie more to products of mettlesome choice and technically fitting for lark about Others (in the battleground at the rotter left) that impinging instead, phase of enigmatical among them, to cost the fashion even at the write down of the more technical characteristics Market PositioningHavaianasHavaianas instead focuses its dodge in existence able to act upon the juicy microscope stage of troth that rangeers replacement to this brand and this is the main(prenominal) feature that differentiates it from competitors In the glide domain Havainas is an tendency of morality instantaneously late grow in the impost and attractive feature of this sport and it is from this that the brands draws its market power merchandise Goals raise an emotional stay put with the brand and its hi paper add more popularity to the brand so that probable buyers advise slow concord the brand with sundry(a) modelsBrand ism some capabilities that this product has to render a draw together between the drug user and Brazil, the place of ocellus of the product and invariably computer address of dreams of Italians Havaianas is a product that finish be considered align a long history, a great ocular sand of doggedness (the characteristics sire remained generally idempotent over time) intrinsic materials and a regale that has within it elements around trickery (examples of this are the molds sterilise ? by hand) that cod it purposeful and rich of story to tellMarketing Initiatives Havaianas Disco-Bus Twinsbros & Havaianas pasture squad Web target Website At the internality of our proposals for Havaianas on that point is the slip of the rate of flow website in ordinance to give rise a result kin with the consumer and a sense of social rank advance a section commit to events and parties with a picture showgallery which shows all affiliated to the orb of Havaianas and its lifestyle Website political party on Havaianas. it The user, in caller-up to embark in non-homogeneous rivals, must encipher communion his e-mail.This give renounce the comp some(prenominal) to require a grand agenda of contacts through and through which it piece of ass come about the dates of events, promotions and password of any kind in rule to force a place line to the or so loyal. For plurality registered, in that location pull up stakes be a bring forward profit entrust be sent b y e-mail invitations for the non-homogeneous parties that allow be printed and feeded at the approach for a come about to hear for discharge passport for Havaianas The consumers ordain publicize their photos with the more unsung use that they force out make with their flip-flops.The intimately fantastic and accredited allow be publish on the site, with the chess opening to be commented on by all users, and the engaging photo provide baffle the effigy for the communication defend of Havaianas in the sideline year Twinsbros & Havaianas range police squad The TwinsBros factory has its home plate in Livorno(Italy) and is organise specifically for the takings of high persona rangeboards The initial ending of the quislingism is to induce a redact of surfboards and material aspiration assistanted Havaianas The second one is sponsor a aggroup of surfers who testament turn Italy to get in the races of the Italian lick Twinsbros & Havaianas Sur f aggroup dispel in terms of profile provideing be create a pennant Havaianas. it on the homepage of the site twinsbros. shed light on impart be published a criterion of TB & Havaianas surf squad on the two main Italian surf portals (surfdome. it & surftolive. com) pass on be published articles go with by photographs on the said(prenominal) portals in a higher place and magazines like surfboarder Magazine, SurfUP & SurfNews potent profile in the sense of hearing present at the competition with the dissemination of gadgets Havaianas Disco-Bus The project consists of a disco-bus which during the summertime ordain turn to the most famed locations of the Italian summer nightlife (Riccione, Milano Marittima, Porto Cervo, and so on .. ) It entrust be disadvantaged of the place and designed with the logo Havaianas in and removed so as to assume a immobile visual blow on the commentator The melodic phrase will be tipically Brazilian with theme-parties, m usic, cocktails and respective(a) kinds of gadgets provided

Response to William Wordsworth’s ‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’

retort to William Wordsworths I Wandered sole(a) as a infect It is or so difficult, I recover, to couch a answer to William Wordsworths clear and idolise verse, I Wandered lonesome as a calumniate in much(prenominal) hardly a(prenominal) words. A answer to a poesy may be seen as a verbal expression on features such as the phraseology, the imagination and certainly, how the poesy make me feel. I allow for save begin to dodge the knead this meter has had on me, considering the same features. This metrical composition has plainly stood the stress of time.It has snap fastenerd with coevals afterwards generation cosmos put down and reread and this, I moot, is due(p) to its simplistic, even compelling, grade it tells. The branch collar stanzas are a assemblage of bonny images multicolor by the exercising of approachable provided barrageing actors line. The language may be considered plain, however, I feel it echoes a quiet down and soun dless nimbus as it does non lodge in the ref. Wordsworth is describing this sincerely unforgettable scram by personifying the troops of flamboyant daffodils.He does this passim the poem for modeling at the completion of the guerilla stanza Tossing their heads in spry dance. This, I believe, adds life-time to the poem. This prosopopoeia associate the language with marvellous imagery. I, as a reader, remove entered Wordsworths remembrance and I conceive of this enticing pictorial matter the infinite daffodils terpsichore in the breeze. This come along creates a to a greater extent marvelous and amaze standard atmosphere that fulfils the reader uniform it fulfils Wordsworth in stanza tercet A poet could non notwithstanding be brisk.William Wordsworth say that meter is a extempore overflow of sensation, not the perception of the developed experience, and the emotion recollected in silence. I believe his poem I Wandered only(a) as a vitiate is a confirm cause of this quote. I truly honor this poem as it tells a written report of Wordsworths feelings toward record. It, in turn, gave me a arbitrary and joyous chance on the contrivance of nature unleashing feelings resembling to Wordsworth in the closing stanza And and so my titty with cheer fills.

Testing the Principle of Proxemics

I went to a Tim Horton rectify be spatial relation a wo humilitary personnel beings. I diametricaliate in a quotidian bunk of 2. 5 to 3 feet adjacent to her without public lecture. She looked at me and smile. Without public lecture I number angiotensin-converting enzymeed discover her. She had a warm and measured g list at me, a shady look. She seemed panicky and non normal. By shade at her face, I snarl that in all probability she deems drugs. Without axiom anything, she near walked out. The panache she walked out, it seemed equivalent she got stir of me for both(prenominal) reason. succeeding(prenominal) daylight I went to the a identical place and dress up veneer a man who was alone.Without talking to that man I started edition the paper (just to hand overation him that I am construe newspaper, rattling I was observe him). He looked at me fivefold quantify and was smiling. Seemed like he cute to start a dialogue. The endeavor of questi on is to collaborate t apieceing which typically intentional to entrust the queryer to experience virtually the wonderee in a non-threatening way. On the different side an doubtfulness is a more(prenominal)(prenominal) than self-asserting question, in the smell out that the similar ultimate refinement is present as with an oppugn, notwithstanding the essence of scope that purpose take on a roughly different sense of smell.The usage of proxemics in collision these goals be very significant. change magnitude the step of shopping centre match, the feeling of powderpuff and the gist of verbal resolution by the wonderee puzzle been goals of investigators in purpose interview situations. in that respect is slight affection nexus at hand-to-hand distances and little fondness pass when the interview is drawed in a deep room. In one study, when the interview was performed at distances amid the interviewer and interviewee of 2 feet, 4/z feet, a nd 9 feet, the great step of talking by the interviewee occurred at 9 feet.Rapport always affects the caliber of the interviewing process. It is a amentiferous inter ain climate. By twist field of study both parties in an interview take down along with each some other which makes the interview more triple-crown. An interviewee is more credibly to sustain with individual with whom they feel easy and to conduct this ease reverberance is an native thing. Rapport-building establishes capital of New Hampshire in the interview, leads to bleak parole and creates willingness in the brainiac of the interviewee.Some forms of non-verbal communication theory for evolution vibrancy atomic number 18 inclined yawp 1. smiling 2. core contract. 3. slap-up Posture. 4. timbre of percentage high-priced oculus contact and authorisation are the personal qualities of the interviewer that change him or her to conduct successful interrogations. besides an interviewer sh ould be open to listen what the interviewee is saying, and get how to run them in an agile conversation with encouragement, energy, and interest.

Ballistics and forensic science

The derive of damage a locoweed has carry on upon hitting a hard wax drop armed service determine almost where the shooter was standing, what go the hoagy was fire from, and when the crampfish was shoot. each residue on the poke mass be analyze and comp atomic number 18d to residue on the hand of a suspect, on the gun that was fired, or on every end that was close by when the patch was used. This randomness helps researchers uncover the indistinguishability of the shooter. When the sluggards be missing, the font of continue they do tail lapse Investigators to run into what material body of bullet the rimming used, and whence the type of gun as well.Studying the markings put together on a bullet or the Impact a bullet do on any prove scum bag establish only which gun the outlaw used. Every firearm produces a reasonably different and remarkable pattern on the shell-casing It fires the bullet go away therefore rilievo a unambiguous pattern upon any thing It hits. at one time scientists have determine these markings they cig atomic number 18t good match them to the appropriate firearm. There are many experts deep Involved In this study, and they are oftentimes c completelyed upon to help pass crimes.Ballistics en vainglorious are as well as normally Input Into a large database that can be accessed by law enforcement agencies all across the country. When soulfulness enters new data, the reckoner locates any pertinent data from preceding(prenominal) Investigations. This Information can lead to the baring of the owner of a particular weapon, and dish In introduce down the nefarious party who fired the gun. Ballistics and rhetorical science By freshmen type of feign they made can lead investigators to ascertain what kind of bullet theStudying the markings found on a bullet or the impact a bullet made on any surface different and unique(p) pattern on the shell-casing it fires the bullet volition therefore mol d a clear-cut pattern upon anything it hits. in one case scientists have identify these There are many experts late involved in this study, and they are frequently called upon to help straighten out crimes. Ballistics details are also commonly scuttlebutt into a large previous investigations.

Human Resources Management in Agricultural Industry Research Proposal

Human Resources Management in Agricultural Industry - Research Proposal ExampleActually this name was there in the last century itself. It is used to serve the interest of the employee and the employer. It has become very effective in recent years and both public and private plaques suck benefited signifi massnistertly, to attain greater benefits for the establishment in future. (Massy, 1996).In recent years, increased competition among organizations in different spheres, has led to improvement in the performance of ply and increase in productivity. Career opportunities have also increased considerably. shapings are doing their best for bringing up staff to increase their performance and productivity. In addition, they have plans to capture a strategy to increase revenues and reduce costs. This task has become the responsibility of the Human Resources Management Division, which has become the pillar of every organization. (Becker& Gerhard, 1996).In this study, I go across to a study of human resources management in a large agricultural company in Saudi Arabia to determine how the application of any(prenominal) strategies of human resources helped to boost performance, increase productivity and reduce expenses.The title of this research is Training Program in Almarai Agricultural Company. In this paper I go out explain the method of training of this company so that the employee makes effort to increase performance and productivity.The Department of Human Resources Management is n... The research accounts for answers to the following Does the training programme satisfy purpose expected of itWhat is the function of the multi-purpose training programWhat effect does the Saudi Arabian culture have on the area of work in the companyWhat is the opinion of graduates about the training program in the companyWhat is the opinion of trainers about the training program in the companyThe research mise en scene The Department of Human Resources Management is not a manufacturing unit and so cannot bring any profit to the organization through its product. But the strategy can bring about higher output signal and put an end to waste of time, which will help a long way in increasing the production and ultimately bringing in better profit to the organization. The Fundamental objective of human resources is to increase efficiency, performance and productivity (Becker & Gerhart, 1996). One of the most important demand of any organization is to develop and improve employee performance. The organization, on its part, should consider the development of its members, which would have a bearing on the ultimate results of the organization. Some studies have shown that members of the Organization could have negative or positive influence on any organization through the performance and behavior. (Boselie, 2005)Human resources management is of great help to the organization as it can improve performance of the organization and the employee. If the organizat ion can train the staff efficiently to gain exceptionally good performance from them, it can help the organization to compete in the market. The staff member must make every effort to improve in all respects during the training period. The trainer must ensure to

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Law - Essay ExampleByrne had been married in 1970 and separated early in the year 2007. 1 They were age 57 and 60 years old respectively at the time of their marriage, but previously, both had been in other marriages and each had children from the retrospective unions. Martin Byrnes was one of Mr.s Byrnes children from a previous marriage. Q.2 Whether a deed in which a Mr. Byrne acknowledged holding a half undivided in the immovable purchased and registered exclusively in his name as the sole proprietor in Brighton, South Australia in 1984, or for Mrs Byrnes it sum of moneyed to the creation of valid trust? Whether the creation of trust was the real indwelling intention of the husband or if it was only obtained objectively from the deed that had been signed according to the acknowledgment trust deed (1989 deed)? If such a trust was created as per the deed, or whether the husband as a trustee was duty bound to lease or let out the berth and obligated to receive term of a contract fee on his wifes behalf? In case such were the case, did Mr Byrnes failure to collect rent from the son who had leased the property amount to a breach of the trust? If this is the case, did the wifes knowledge of the Mr. ... rust according to him, the deed was only intended to acknowledge the complainants entitlement to half the proceeds realty upon its sale (Clarke 2011).2 Furthermore, even if he was a trustee as purported by the plaintiff, the 1997 deed did not explicitly denote his duties and responsibilities to the wife, indeed it did not require him to diarrhea any active role or perform any duties as one. Therefore, he was not under legal obligation to let out the property or collect the proceeds of such enterprise on behalf of his wife. Finally, the claimed estoppel as defense based on the fact that the wife had Knowledge of the leasers non-payment and took no body process to encourage him to take action was acquiescence in the husbands failure to collect the money and thu s they were precluded from any rights to make complains about the defendants maintain breach of trust as they would have been equally in breach if by virtue of her compliance in his non action. Q.3b The District court found that the plaintiff was entitle to half of the proceeding from the sale of the real estate in line with the stipulation of the 2007 deed Nevertheless, in regards to being owed half the rent which Mr. Byrens had allegedly failed to collect, it found for the defendant the court approved the husbands contention that pursuant to the 1997 deed, no trust had been established because the despite the existence of a document on the contrary, the husbands was without the requirement intention. The district court judge made this pronouncement by relying on the high-courts decision in the Commissioner of Stamp Duties (Qld) v Jolliffe (1920) where it was determined that in the sweat to determine the existence of a express trust, evidence may be pursued beyond the deed of tr ust. In consonance with the

Direct Manipulation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Direct Manipulation - Assignment ExampleThis involves the continuous representation of given subjects and objects in addition to the rapid, incremental and reversible actions and their attendant feedback.As a single characteristic, in reference to a class of various interaction styles, direct manipulation entails the direct mapping, between the semantic and syntactical level of dialogue/ interaction. The three core principles atomic number 18 found in direct manipulation. These include - the end result of a systematic replacement of entangled computer command-language syntax with the direct and visual manipulation of the object(s) under focus the continuous representation of actions and objects of interest in relation to meaningful visual mental imagery which is followed by the presence of rapid, reversible incremental actions, immediately visible in the objects or actions of interest. In the context of video game application, the first indicated principle is achieved through and through physical actions (button presses), rather than the use of typed commands (Shneiderman & Plaisant, 2010).Through varying gaming pads, the other two principles are achieved best in a 3D dimension, where the objects and actions fit into role-playing games. Users are able to control virtual avatars, with the keypad buttons enabling the change of movement, scenery, actions and interactions in the virtual worlds present. Video gaming interfaces are unique in nature, with the aspect of 3D enabling greater contrast, between the virtual and real (physical) worlds. The user, interacting with the present operating system (hardware and software), is able to manipulate directly, existing objects to perform specific actions. Such systems change the reversal of such actions, in addition to the creation of virtual reality unimaginable in the existing physical world. This entails the direct interaction between the user, and the objects/ actions, thereby enhancing

Paper on The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Impact on Eurasia Essay

Paper on The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Impact on Eurasia - Essay ExampleThe states themselves had also to grapple with the realities of being on their own, and stitching new alliances with their neighbors and the rest of the world. Many of them saw internal revolutions, while others were content to let the status quo continue for sometime. Today, many of them have vibrant democracies and well-fixed economies, but this cannot be said of them all.The Union of the Soviet collective Re earthly concerns, or the USSR, was the worlds largest socialist state. When it was created in 1922, it comprised of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. By 1956, it comprised of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was the most powerful of these, and the one that controlled the union. Before the union was dissolved in 1991, it exte nded from the Arctic ocean to the Afghan border with a population of slightly 293 million. The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics or the USSR comprised of fifteen republics that were made up of people of varied ethnicities and divergent nationalities. On the 25th. December 1991, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics was formally dissolved and the fifteen states that comprised the USSR became independent. This also marked the end of the cold war. Although on the face of it, the downfall of the Soviet Union looked sudden, inexplicable and startling, some keen-sighted term factors provided a slow and gradual decline in its power, while other short term factors provided the trigger that precipitated its collapse. By the 1980s the communist ideology was on the decline, and the idea of the state being the leading and guiding force of Soviet life the nucleus of its political system, of all state organs and public organs, (Lewin, 1991) was being questioned.Vladimir Lenins revol utionary vision of a system

The Use of Emotional Focused Therapy Research Paper

The Use of Emotional Focused Therapy - Research Paper ExampleAttachment theory is the innovation of information for attachment injury work. John Bowlby considered the father of attachment theory found that the way that children form attachments based on their early attachments to their primary c atomic number 18giver. If they are capable to alliance strongly with this individual, they have a strong foundation for love, respect, self-esteem, and self-confidence. Farley (2004) studied Bowlbys work and suggests that children are always looking for the presence of their caregiver and ask the question, Is the attachment figure nearby, accessible, and attentive? If the answer to this question is yes, the child will grow up tonusing confident and secure and may be able to explore their environment easier they will be to a greater extent prone to have close friends and to be very social. If the child perceives that the answer to this question is no, they will more likely feel anxious an d afraid, and will constantly seek out attention because they are looking for the caregiver. These children develop a lack of trust because they feel that the attachment figure will not be available to them, and it also means that they may not be able to reestablish a affiliation with the attachment figure (Farley, p. 1). Translating this information to adult attachment therapy, Farley states that the same motivational system that gives rise to the close emotional bond between parents and their children is responsible for the bond that develops between adults in emotionally intimate relationships (p. 1). The challenge is that when an attachment is not clear or has not developed in childhood, as children grow into adults, they may experience attachment injuries.

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reading Response - Essay ExampleFK realizes two opposing sides in America and in the world, he increases the apprehension of his message to the audience by using rhetoric effectively.Kennedy welcomed the responsibility of dealing with friends and foes alike in order to become a global representation of peace. To carry through this, he shared his energy with the people and made each person in the audience realize that these goals were achievable once everyone played their role towards their achievement. Clearly, he shows the role each opposing force can play in order to solve problems affecting and bring peace to America and the world. This is clear when he states his idea by asking opposing nations to propose ways of controlling arms in order to bring the absolute power to destroy separate nations under the absolute control of all nations (Kennedy).Metaphorically, Kennedy appeals to his audience illustrating his vision for a world that respects freedom and liberation of people. In this regard, he voices his vision to abet realize and respect freedom by offering to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty (Kennedy). This fiction allows the audience to realize his vision of ending past injustices and becoming more aware of his vision in ensuring liberation of all people in the world. On the other hand, Kennedy shows intentions of ensuring justice in the world by telling dictators that, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside (Kennedy).In conclusion, calling people to action remains the basis of the whole speech. However, his use of figure of speech is impressive and helps him put his message in such a way it resonates well with the audience. On the other hand, his message remains vital in the current world where conflicts are the order of the day. It is because important to ask whether America and the world can learn from this speech. In addition, is there any leader in the world who can currently shew and lead the

Paper media going Electronic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper media going Electronic - Essay ExampleReferences can be linked to abstracting services, from where abstracts or full texts of cited papers can be obtained, and similar publications can be retrieved based on the original article.Electronic versions of journals are available in advance of printed versions, and in addition users can stag the contents tables of forthcoming issues. Journal issues need not be shipped, thus avoiding delays due to mailing systems. Electronic documents can be entrance feeed from some(prenominal)where at any time and by as many simultaneous users as needed (ESO.org, 1998). The customers who subscribe for a news papers or online journals can get access anywhere in the world, thus avoiding carrying it while traveling. It is also a good mode to save paper and is eco-friendly. These innovations have proven to be good for the growth of scientific community in a more ecological way. While most people recognize the need to save energy and recycle profusion it takes much more than just awareness to get them to change their habits on a large scale. It takes a combination of measures of many different kinds, such as technical waste disposal infrastructure, legislation and taxation to get massive behavioral changes underway (Bjrk, 2004).Businesses are currently using what is referred to as information engineering science strategy to provide them with a competitive edge. Robert Livingston states that the use of the web can reduce processing time by one-third. Electronic publishing would be an splendid timesaving, cost effective solution. Our future is heading in the direction of transforming from print to electronics. Electronics will aid in streamlining production with a limited staff. Therefore the party can expect a reduction in cost, and the ability to deliver multiple sources of information in less amount of time all everyplace the world. Electronic publishing, newspapers and books would be an excellent strategic and business goa l.There are a few

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it Essay

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it be Mitigated - Essay ExampleThe most affected are children and teenagers which constitute or so 90%. It has also been found that women have a high prevalence rate than men with about 1 in 5 women showing symptoms of eating perturbs. Though, the number of male victims has been doubling. With about 5.6% of teenagers dying of eating disorders related illness, this condition qualifies to be an educational problem (Laird & Janet, 2010). Therefore, the choice the topic is applicable for interrogation purposes. Moreover, the worst hit by the condition are school going children. To this end, this research essay seeks to answer trine research questions. They are What are the common types of eating disorders for high school children? What are the causes? How can it be mitigated? In developing the research question, the following procedure was followed. After deciding on the research a topic, an extensive literature review was done after which clear and concise questions were posed. However, the questions are broad and a short research essay may cover the issues comprehensively. The research also relies on the analysis of existing data and information and this may result into unreliable and invalid findings and conclusions. . Since the research concentrates on seeking answers to eating disorders in high school children, it can be classified under explanatory research. This type of research attempts to ask questions wherefore a given phenomena exits or why an occurrence has happened (Gary & Nancy). Many medical authors define eating disorders as a group of psychological condition that alters a person eating habits and behavior. These habits are unhealthy, maladaptive and abnormal in nature. Therefore, the disorder affects both the physical and emotional states of the victims. Although there are many eating disorders, three types are common in high school children namely anorexia nervosa, bulimi a nervosa and binge eating disorder. The anorexia nervosa is characterized by maintenance of low torso weight brought about by too much concern about body weight and shape. The affected students have great fear of becoming fat. This condition is dominant in girls because they are more preoccupied with image than boys. To achieve low weight, the students take food with low calorific value. The symptoms of this condition include weak body brought by poor nutrition, bone loss and absence of menstruation in girls. It also results into late puberty and stunted growth (Susan, 2008). The second type, bulimia nervosa is characterized by prodigal intake of food after short interval followed by compensatory habits such as excessive exercise and induced vomiting. This disorder leads to digestive system problems, desiccation and fatigue. The last type, the binge eating disorder, is simply recurrent large intake of food without practicing compensatory habit. The victims have no control of the ir condition and in most cases rule ashamed of it. This disorder can cause obesity. Other diseases associated with it are diabetes, high blood pressure and stoke. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of eating disorder in an individual. Nevertheless, several factors have been found to cause eating disorders. These range from biological to cultural. However, the later is the main cause of this condition. The problem has got more to do with expressive style trend than genetics. Currently, most people in the world associate thinness of body with beauty. The media has propagated this notion by misinforming the public that the starting point to modeling is body size. When a celebrated artist or star supports such a position as in the recent

An evaluation of competitive advantages of electronic advertising to Dissertation

An evaluation of competitive advantages of electronic advertising to companies in UK - Asda and Tesco - Dissertation ExampleThis analysis is primarily an evaluation of the market potential of electronic advertising for businesses in the UK, with case-studies of notable examples. The relevant assureings that necessitate studies such as this include data that portrays as many as 14 million households in the United Kingdom going online to discover current details about goods or services in September of 2009 14 million at bottom just one month. (Office of Fair Trading, 2010) Other relevant findings indicate an ongoing ingathering rate in the subsequent advertising receipts that can be achieved for those that take advantage of online advertising opportunities. The percentage of advertising revenue fussd from online commerce has grown 17% in the five years between 2003 and 2008, for example. (Office of Fair Trading, 2010) There are additional complexities to this form of advertising , but there is strong evidence to suggest that electronic marketing/advertising is a growth area which must be pioneered by any company that does not wish to be left behind by history. As of 2010, the practice of behavioral advertising through online targeting is responsible for revenue as high as ?95m. (Office of Fair Trading, 2010) This represents the fraction of possible online marketing revenues known to be possible within the United Kingdom, to say nothing of the global market, but even within the UK there is potential for further growth. Online marketing allows for an element of behavioral tailoring which is much difficult in other forms of media even other visual media. The competitive advantages of electronic advertising through online sources allow the vendor to maximize the relevance of an advertisement by adjusting content pertaining directly to the consumers desires. This potential is far greater than what might be achieved through less responsive media. Television a dvertisers for decades have sought to generate scheduling specific to a selection of the demographic well-nigh likely to be watching a minded(p) program at a given time, but this method has its limits. A television station attempts to acquire as many advertisers as possible, and must negotiate its scheduling to satisfy all of them, and the most popular programs may have a diverse demographic. Some commercials may be relevant to any particular viewer, but in the course of solid all advertisers inevitably there will be much content there any particular view or will not find worthy of attention. Television is not responsive in the way that online navigation could be. The television viewer has already responded by selecting the channel, and no further customization is possible. The situation is equal with radio. Electronic advertising through online sources allows the advertiser to adapt their message in a way that capitalizes upon the very personal nature of website navigation. In front of the computing device or mobile computing device, the user has access to an ever growing network of information and entertainment, far more options than could ever be feasible for the programming of a radio or television company. The range of options is dizzying, but provides a golden opportunity for advertisers. Those who attempt to market to individual website users do not desire to cater to the totality of need for an audience of (hopefully)

Research Proposal Assignment Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Proposal Assignment - Dissertation ExampleCrime ginmill is an important part of responsibilities of natural law enforcement agencies particularly law of nature. To do this, Police not only take active measures but also uses intelligence gathering and data link to reported crime to draw out crime prevention strategies. Traditionally, jurisprudence has used data that it has gathered during reporting and investigations of crime, however, police and other law enforcement agencies have always been resource limited and therefore the question of efficiently utilizing this data has always remained. Fortunately, however, the advancement of computer technologies has led to the development of various solutions that dejection be used by the police and other law enforcement for much more efficient utilization of intelligence and other data in send to develop powerful crime fighting strategies. One of such solution is the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for crime ana lysis (Chainey and Ratcliffe, 2005). The use of GIS allows for seamless and efficacious incorporation of police data along with location information, demographics data and infrastructure thus transforming information into actionable intelligence (ESRI, 2010). Statement of the Problem While Abu Dhabi police has been actively updating itself in the past decade or so in terms of its equipment and tactics, it has also paid attention to the use of information applied science in fighting crime and other ills that occur in the society. While GIS have already been introduced in the police centres in enjoin to make the police more location aware, however, its effect on crime fighting and prevention has yet to be explored. GIS based crime fighting has already been used successfully in the developed countries however, its strength for Abu Dhabi police has yet to be demonstrated. The problem that this despatch will attempt to solve is lack of demonstration of effectiveness of GIS in crime analysis that can significantly improve Abu Dhabi police capability to reduce crimes in the area even more. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of this project is to show how GIS based crime analysis can be used to fight crime in Abu Dhabi by the police. This project also seeks to demonstrate the effectiveness of using GIS in crime analysis. The project will involve using satellite images and other data available from independent and UAE based sources to perform hotspot analysis in order to identify current trouble spots and recommendations on how this information can be used to fight crime and cook up crime prevention strategies. Literature Review Crime Analysis Crime analysis involves a systematic analysis by law enforcement agencies in order to identify the trends and patterns in occurrence of crime. This can help law enforcement agencies in using it resources, which are often limited, in a much more effective manner while also providing a way to develop solutions to crime pro blems and enhance crime prevention strategies. A crime analysis can be performed on tactical, operational or strategic level. Crime data is used by crime analysts for quick identification of new or existing patterns of crime. This phenomenon is analysed for related factors and then used to predict future occurrences of crimes which they then convey to their agencies. These patterns and prediction information is then used to develop

A short REPORT On Frederick Winslow Taylor Essay

A short REPORT On Frederick Winslow Taylor - Essay ExampleHe substantial philosophies based on shop-management, earning him the title, Father of scientific Management. In the steel company, Winslow had noted a trend among the cogitationers. He noticed that some of the workers were lazy, and not working to their abilities. This had a negative effect on the output of work, therefore reducing the company productivity. This compelled Winslow to develop a task management system, which he used to handle work in an objective manner and assure the competency and productivity of work in the company. This idea bore Winslows Principles of Scientific Management (NetMBA Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)). In 1911, Fredrick Taylor published his work, The Principles of Scientific Management. Taylor developed four principles to carry out to work. This was after spending years doing polar experiments to prove his principles. In the first principle, Taylor recommended that the rule-of-thumbs regularity in work, be replaced with new methods that employed scientific study of different work. His second principle suggested that training of workers should not be left to be their individual responsibility. However, this responsibility should be left to the managers who should recruit, train, and warrant the active personal emergence of the workers, while ensuring the use of scientific methods. In the third principle, Taylor suggested that company management should perform a follow-up on the workers through their supervision, in order to ensure that the workers adhere to the prescribed methods, which are scientifically oriented. In the last principle, Taylor recommended that the company workload should be equally distributed between the employers and the workers. However, the employer, who is the manager, will be charged with work involving scientific management of the company in planning work, while the employees are tasked with executing the tasks. Taylors scientific pri nciples of management aimed at increasing productivity and efficiency of work. Instead of apprenticeship, scientific management called for segmentation of work into different parts that could be performed by different unskilled people after short trainings (Daft, 2009 Taylor, 2003 Taylor, 1947). Taylor developed the term soldering to refer to the underperformance of workers, which he linked to the workers belief that if they work utilely, some of them risked losing their jobs. Underperformance of workers was also because of the poor wages they were subjected to. Employees therefore felt that effectiveness in their work would result in exploitation, as wages were not paid according to the workload performed. Finally, the rule-of-thumb method of working employed by workers was less effective as it resulted in low work output. In his time studies, Taylor believed that every work type could be planned properly to increase its productivity. He barely thought that his scientific managem ent was more effective as compared to the old initiative and incentive method, which was used to motivate workers. His arguments were that, in the initiative and incentive method, the workers were unless motivated and increased productivity, but the whole responsibility of planning and executing work was wholly left for them to perform. On the other hand, the scientific management method provided the opportunity for both work productivity and work planning to be performed in the best ways by

Can Culture Have Rights, and if so, Can They Conflict with Human Research Paper

Can Culture Have Rights, and if so, Can They Conflict with Human Rights - Research Paper ExampleThe supposed maltreatment of women in some Moslem cultures, for instance, especially those that practice fundamentalism and view women as unequal with men, become a predicament for the proponents of liberalism and its underlying dogma as this violates its egalitarian principles with regards gender. Other liberalists contend that human rights ar universal and its ideals are evident in the cultures of the nonage. Still, cultural relativists have criticized the UN Declaration as too ethnocentric - one which only strives to perpetuate Western democratic ideas of human rights and equality, focusing mainly on individuality. In addition, various cultural norms and practices violate the principles of international human rights while the UN Declaration equally conflicts with some apparitional and cultural practices of several cultural groups. Hence, a reassertion of these liberal principles is significant in order to clarify if indeed, under the liberalists thought, cultures are afforded and can be empower rights and if these rights conflict with the universal ideals of human rights.The most notable assertion with regards this issue was introduced by Will Kymlicka who contends that the fundamental principles of liberalism oblige for the recognition of the rights of a group to cling to cultural minorities.1 Kymlicka asserts that these principles do not violate the doctrines of liberalism rather, he believes that liberals have to come to the defense of the minority cultures within the multicultural state. This does not project a nationalist belief but rather a reassertion of the minority rights within the larger context of the society yet, Kymlicka also shares the view that cultures must be afforded rights to exoteric expression.This view partly constitutes a liberal view as he argues that that cultural minority groups require protection from decisions of the prevailing majority culture and adds that the minority has to make decisions on certain issues that affect or threaten some aspect of their culture.

Outraged moms, trashy daughters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outraged moms, trashy daughters - Essay ExampleThe author describes the generation fault between todays mothers and their teenage daughters also as a gap between how the two generations differ in terms of valuing equality and female empowerment. She also express her concern over heightened sexual activity, and the sexualization of young girls but also mentions the lack of depth and reflection among teenagers today. The above observations are a feminist concern and in this reaction paper, I agree with the observations of the author. Feminists earlier opposed the vulgar representation of female images in magazines and advertisements because of their strong protest in visualizing females as a commercial object rather than an individual. On the other hand, current female teenagers like to see people transporting their sexy bodies. In fact, they are doing everything possible to wear dresses, which find their body maximum. This is not because of their inherent traits, as we all know th at their mothers strongly protested against the female objectification, but because of the changing life styles and philosophy of life. The teenage girls are do to dress in this manner because it is the norm of the society. Female teenagers of the current generation are witnessing the enormous publicity of celebrities like Naomi Campbell, Angelina Julie, and Salma Hayek etc. They know that these people enjoy great publicity not because of their talents alone, but because of their beautiful bodies also.

Black Death Cause and Effect Essay Example for Free

stark cobblers last Cause and Effect EssayThe Bubonic Plague or the dreary Death has been in the history books since the medieval times. This deadly disease has claimed nearly 1. 5 million lives in Europe (Gottfried). The blackness Death hit Europe in October of 1347 and quickly spread through well-nigh of Europe by the end of 1349 and continued on to Scandinavia and Russia in the 1350s. Not only did the infestation effect the European population by killing one-third to two-thirds (Gottfried), it also hurt the sociable and economic structures of every European society. How it spreadThe downhearted Death actually first off appeared in the Himalayan region around 1250 AD. There are several theories as to how the disease made its way to Europe. One theory is that since the blighter is genetical from a bite of a flea, that fleas that lived on marmots that were indigenous to the region were the original transporters (Clay,1). The first recorded appearance of the plague in E urope was at Messina, Sicily in October of 1347. It was believed to own arrived on trading ships that came from the vague Sea, past Constantinople and through the Mediterranean (Gottfried).This r exposee was used to b circumvent import items such as silks and porcelain, which were carried overland to the depressed Sea from as far away as China (Gottfried). No one k in a flash the exact stagecoach of origin of the menacing Death exactly what most scholars testament agree with is that the disease reach Europe by rodents. The reason given was imputable to the climatic shifts in the area which caused a deficit of food. The disease ridden rodents migration put them in contact with human populations, thus, putting humans in contact with the disease carrying fleas. So m whatsoever lot were impacted because most people lived in very crammed and tight spaces.This also made waste disposal an issue, which caused people to just tip their waste out the window of their home, pitch the r ats. Because everyone was so close, the fleas could easily infect hundreds of people in one day, so no one was safe (Gottfried). The people that did manage to escape death was due to the fact that their immune systems being able to withstand the plague (Gottfried). Types of Plague What killed so many wasnt due to just one type of plague going around The disease that devastated Europe was caused by three incompatible types of plague bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic.All three are bacteriuml infections caused by Yersinia pestis (Gottfried). The most commonplace air was the bubonic plague. Fleas that lived on the plague-infected rats spread the bubonic plague (Gottfried). After 6 age people who were infected with this strain would develop flu-like symptoms and blood wedge drops, heartbeats faster, and a sudden fever erupts, accompanied by chills, weakness, and headache. Next, a black pus filled bump surrounded by an inflamed red ring shows up at the place that was bitten (Gottfr ied). The lymph node would begin to swell with pus.When the enlarged lymph nodes would burst they would also emit dark colored blood and pus. This is how the name Black Death came to be coined (Vunguyen). A second type of plague was that of pneumonic. This plague could spread with a sneeze and could quickly jump from somebody to person and though it was less common than the bubonic form, but much deadly. This form was contracted through breathing in a mutated, airborne strain of the bacteria. The infected person would experience fluid building up in the lungs. This very unfortunate circumstance would, in turn, cause suffocation of the infected individual.This particular form of the bacteria would cause death at bottom a short time span, unremarkably two or three days (Boeckl). The third type of plague was speticemic plague. though it was the least common out of the three, it was the deadliest. Septicemic plague was carried in the blood and was contracted only through blood-to-blo od contact. The person infected with this type would develop a high fever but they would not develop many outward symptoms that they had contracted the plague. The individuals who were infected with this final strain of the bacterium were popularly dead within 24 hours.Almost all who contracted either the pneumonic or septicemic plague died from the infection (Boeckl). Causes of the Black Death The causes of the Black Death the flea, the rat, and the vitamin B complex Yersinia pestis have been labeled the unholy trinity (Boeckl). The flea is able to live in environmental conditions of about 74 Fahrenheit and 60% humidity (Ibid). Before the Black Death reached Europe, they were experiencing those same types of weather conditions. The rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis and the human flea, Pulex irritans, are both capable of transmitting plague (Boeckl).Sometimes, an infected flea cannot ingest blood because Yersinia pestis obstructs its digestive tract. The blockage causes a flea to regu rgitate into a bitten host rather than ingest the hosts blood, thereby infecting the host with plague (Boeckl). Unable to eat, the famished flea will bite with more frequency, accelerating the spread of plague. A flea can be carrying Yersinia pestis without it blocking the fleas digestive tract, in which case the flea does not transmit plague when it bites a host. Also, Yersinia pestis can only enter a victim through a bite, as the bacilli cannot pass through intact skin (Gottfried).Social Changes The disease took a major toll on the population of Europe but as it wiped out communities it also caused changes in the social structure of European society. Europe was buy the farm by a feudal system (Vunguyen). As death took its toll, people started to question the way of life. When the Black Death swept over Europe and wiped out a third of its population, it also dismantled Feudalism. The feudal system was structured like a pyramid with the male monarch being at the top and having fulfil control. The King owned everything he had the power to decide who he would lease the land to.If he did allow a citizen to lease part of his land, before doing so they had to swear to an oath of loyalty (Vunguyen). People who did rent the Kings land were called Baron/Baronesses (Vunguyen). The leased land was called a manor, and the Barons were often called the Lord of the manor house (Vunguyen). They were allowed to establish their own system of justice, mint their own money and set their own taxes. The Barons had to serve on the royal council, pay rent and provide the King with Knights for military attend to when he demanded it in return for the land they had been given (Vunguyen).When the King and his court travelled around the country, the Barons also had to provide lodging and food. The Barons unploughed as much of their land as they desired, then divided the rest among their Knights (Vunguyen). Knights were given land by the Baron in return for military service when d emanded, and to protect the manor. The Knights kept as much of the land as they wished for their own personal use, and distributed the rest of it to serfs although they werent as rich as the Barons, Knights were quite blind drunk (). Serfs were given land by Knights in exchange for free labor, food and services whenever it was desired.They had no rights and werent allowed to leave the Manor. They had to ask their Lords liberty before they could marry, and were often mistreated and poor (). The serfs or peasants were a key group in the population so when they started to die off, everything went downhill. The serfs served everyone on the pyramid and now Barons were willing to pay higher wages and offer extra benefits (Vunguyen). All their life they had lived off the serfs hard work, and were willing to pay them to stay on the manor to continue slaving for them. When the serfs died, the foundation on which feudalism relied upon was broken.The pyramid of power broke, and everything w as a mess. Serfs left to find high wages due to the labor shortages. The land that had usually been the primary source of wealth was now worthless (Vunguyen). Entire estates were deserted as families fell to the plague and died, or fled in a vain seek to escape its fury, were there for the taking (Vunguyen). As Europe evolved away from relying on land as the main source of prosperity, a rising middle-class claimed more and more wealth and prestige, as the once- dread began to quickly lose both (Vunguyen). The end of Feudalism had started and progressed each day as the plague claimed more lives.As the days went on people wondered, if they needed to change the way they lived or worshipped God. Many found that if they continued to live and worship as they had for centuries, the plague was not being pacified (Clay). This caused many people to abandon the way of life that they were accustomed to and chose a life that contrasted with social norms. A large group of people, desperate to po int their fingers at someone, alleged and accused many different groups which included witches, lepers and Jews (Clay). In central Europe, the flagellants convincingly charged the Jews.On a tragic day in Strasbourg alone, over 8,000 Jews were killed for being the target of vain suspicions (). This quote shows just how the mind of Europeans changed Many were uncertain about the cause of this great mortality. In some places, they believed that the Jews had poisoned the worlds, and so they killed them. In some other areas, that it was a deformity of the poor, so they chased them out in others, that it was the nobles, and so they the nobles hesitated to go out into the world. Finally, it reached the point where guards were posted in cities and towns, and they permitted no one to enter, unless he was well known.And if they found anyone with powders or unguents, they made him swallow them, fearing that these might be poisons (Clay, 2-3). Someone who survived the plague wrote Everyone appe ared to be rich because they had survived and regained observe in life. Now, no one knows how to put their life back in order(Clay, 3). No one knew how to put their life back together after the plague hit. When all the chaos died down and order was restored, the society was much different than what it once was. The disease did not discriminate it killed people from all different social classes.The peasants now axiom that everyone was made up of the same flesh, even though who once ruled over them. This epiphany led the serfs see the inequality of the system and they saw it as unfair and unjust (Clay, 3). Because of all the affliction and misery there was much lawbreaking and because most of the law enforcers had also been hit by the plague there was not much that was done about it (Clay, 3). This quote shows just how their mentality was changing. Lawbreakers could not be stopped especially by the lords and so once peasants cognize all ties could be broken, they gained a new leve l of freedom (Clay, 4).Peasants and lord relationships were not the only thing that changed individuals in the same social circle were constrained to interact with one another differently. As a result of so many deaths, women were now being served by male servants and it did not matter if they were of noble birth or not. Men serving women was something taboo and unheard of before the plague, but the disease made that change. Noble women had to a find a different lifestyle under normal circumstances, these women would have been dishonored and shunned but this was not the case. Economic Effects All the death that fell upon Europe created a major labor shortage.It was a dominos involve, if the plague hit an area or manor in the summer, there wouldnt be enough serfs to harvest the crops in the fall. If it hit in the winter, there wasnt enough workers to plant new crops in the spring (The Black Death, 1348). So inevitably there wasnt any one left on farm and maintain the land. The ones who did withstand the plague, moved else-where for better wages (The Black Death, 1348). Not only did it affect the farms, it hurt businesses or building projects. Cathedral that usually were beautiful and performed weekly services were left eerily empty with no priests to conduct services.The barons did not have enough knights and serfs to cater to them and so many manors were abandoned. When someone dies normally, there would be a service and immediately be buried, well that didnt happen during the Black Death era. No one was left to bury the dead. Citizens, lower berth and middle classes were scared, they stayed in the homes believing they would be safe. The shelter did not stop the disease from go in and since they were poor they did not get the care and attention they needed and most of them died (The Black Death, 1348).Instead of suffering, many decided to take their own lives and committed suicide in the street others died in their homes but only found because their neighb ors smelled the decaying body. Dead bodies were everywhere on every corner and in every home that wasnt abandoned (The Black Death, 1348). Most of them were treated in the same manner by the survivors, who were more concerned to get rid of their rotting bodies than moved by charity towards the dead. With the aid of porters, if they could get them, they carried the bodies out of the houses and laid them at the door where every morning quantities of the dead might be seen.They then were laid on biers or, as these were often lacking, on tables (The Black Death, 1348). Bodies upon bodies were brought to the church every day and almost every hour so it was impossible to give them a good burial especially since they wanted to bury each person in the family grave, according to the old custom (The Black Death, 1348). Although the cemeteries were integral they were forced to dig Brobdingnagian trenches, where they buried the bodies by hundreds. Here they stowed them away like bales in the hold of a ship and covered them with a little earth, until the w great deal trench was full (The Black Death, 1348).Cultural Effects The plague not only affected humans it also impacted the arts. In the Medieval period, people had concentrated in the first place on the Church, God, and personal salvation. The plague was evident in paintings, sculptures, and architecture, everything was centered on death. The arrival of plague harkened in a new darker era of painting. Paintings were overflowing with hagridden souls, death, dying, fire and brimstone (The Effect of Black Death on Art and Artists in the Medieval Period). Thousands of painters, craftsmen, patrons of the arts died during the plague. The disease tore a hole in the heart of the cultural world.The effects of the plague were lasting, bringing a somber darkness to visual art, literature, and music (The Effect of Black Death on Art and Artists in the Medieval Period). Writers and painters imaginations became dark and gloomy. The unknowing survival created a atmosphere of gloom and doom influencing artist to move away from positive themes and turn to images of Hell, Satan and the Grim Reaper (The Effect of Black Death on Art and Artists in the Medieval Period). Many painters simply gave up art with the idea that it was hopeless to try and create beauty in a hellish world.The Decameron by Boccaccio, a collection of medieval tales and folklore is the most noted literary work that came from that time period (The Black Death). The collection is set in the Italian countryside where aristocrats, fleeing the Plague as it ravages Florence, are stranded without their usual entertainments. To pass the time, they tell each other stories, from which Boccaccio harvested a rich storehouse of traditional narrative. The Decameron eventually became the foundation for many other Renaissance works, including several of Shakespeares plays (The Black Death). Positive ConsequencesIts hard to find positive in so much death but the plague actually helped in a few ways. First being manpower, because of the shortages, manpower had so much more value. Peasants werent readily available in large numbers so the ones pacify alive found themselves in high demand (The Black Death). The ones who had all the power, kings and dukes, now found themselves bargaining with laborers over working conditions, and also the lower class were able to demand better pay for their services (The Black Death). Also, serfdom was terminated, so those peasants that were slaves and tied to the land were no longer have to farm and serve.And one other positive result of the bubonic plague was the development of medicine as a science in the West. Islamic doctors had advocating oecumenic cleanliness and the value of studying anatomy but Western healers prior to the black death were still using practices like the theory of humors (The Black Death). still when Plague wiped out nearly all the doctors of Europe, because the doctors had t o attend to the dying and because of this were exposed at a higher rate to the more virulent pneumonic form of Plague. With so many doctors dying, it created a change in both personnel and precept (The Black Death).Strangely, western medicine owes much to plague. Conclusion The Black Death started in 1347 and continued for a full five years, this devastating plague spread throughout Europe, leaving more than twenty million people dead. The consequences to Europe were profound. Besides immeasurable death, traditional medieval society broke, the economies were fractured, and art and literature took a turn from light to dark. Though it spread throughout Europe, the Black Death was world-shattering and shows how even the smallest of things, the microbial world, can at times steer the course of human civilization.

Problems of the Past Essay Example for Free

Problems of the Past EssayUsually, when unitarys ago problems be pushed out(p) and neglected, they grow in size until they be too much to handle. The two short stories The Swimmer by John Cheever and A travel for Emily by William Faulkner portrays how a reluctance to accept or permit go of ones past bunghole film to whiley problems and difficulties. This is emphasized through the organic evolution and scrapions of the characters, Neddy and Emily, the aspects of southern life and American suburbia, and the irony and structure of the plots. Throughout their lives, Neddy and Emily inevitably experience change despite their attempts to disregard and ignore it.The actions and characteristics of Neddy and Emily illustrate and give brainstorm slightly their past, their crutches, and the archetypal change they ultimately face. The American suburbia and Southern townspeoplespeople that Neddy and Emily reside in without delay symbolizes their problems, emphasizes the chang es they face, and possible sources that fuel their reluctance to let go of their past. The irony, structure and troth of the plots illustrates the futility of Neddy and Emilys reluctance to accept and let go of their past, the overall damage of their problems, and other sources that fuel their problems.The actions and personality of tribe can give insight about their life. Firstly, Neddy and Emilys characteristics and actions illustrate their problems and past. For example, in The Swimmer, after Neddy visits the Hallorans pool and Mrs. Halloran expresses her condolence towards Neddys misfortunes, Neddy says My misfortunes? () I dont know what you mean (25). The particular that Neddy seems unaware of his problems shows how Neddy is reluctant to accept his past, so much so that it made him lose grip on his life. Similarly, Emily, after her fathers death, becomes secretive and people hardly see her at all (12).This shows how Emily clings to her past because she spends all her time c onfined in her house, avoiding the present. Additionally, when the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, Emily refuses to pay taxes and says, I have no taxes in Jefferson (12). This emphasizes how she does non want to change from her past ways and conform to the new ideas of the town. Secondly, Neddy and Emilys characteristics and actions illustrate the crutches that they use to forget or hold on to their past.For example, in The Swimmer, Neddy drinks a lot of alcohol and naturally accepts it from numerous houses he visits. This shows how he cannot cope with mankind and his past so he uses a crutch, in this case alcohol, to make him wash away his reality and forget his underlying problems. Moreover, when Neddy decides to swim across the county, it shows how he is possibly using the idea as a way to keep his mind off his past. Likewise, in A Rose for Emily, Emily keeps her fathers body for three days after he dies (13). This reveals Emilys desire to control another and her refusal to accept the position of death.Her desire to control is her crutch and it shows how she does not want to let go of her past since her father, before he died, controlled her, so she had to cling to that which had robbed her (14). Lastly, the actions and personalities of Neddy and Emily signify the archetypal change that they ultimately face. For example, in The Swimmer, after completing his journey, Neddy cries for () probably the first time in his adult life (27). When compared to Neddys first description of being very happy, youthful, with nothing confining in his life, it emphasizes the change that Neddy faces despite his attempts to avoid it (21).In contrast, in A Rose for Emily, Emily does not go through any change as she stays confined in her house, with the only sign of life about the place being the Negro human being ()going in and out with a market basket (12). Her lack of change as a person while the newer generation became the backbone and the spirit of the town, illustrates her dislike towards change as a whole (16). This also emphasizes her reluctance to let go of her past because it would involve change, which she clearly loathes.Ultimately, the characters actions and personalities create irony because their problems are expressed through them, despite their efforts to forget about it. The setting one resides in could be a factor that influences ones actions and characteristics. The setting that one resides in can give insight about their way of life. Firstly, the American suburbia and Southern town that Neddy and Emily reside in directly symbolizes their problems. For example, the setting in The Swimmer is illustrated to be an American suburbia full of wealthy and privileged adults who spend all their time drinking and having parties.This is symbolic of Neddy who considers himself energetic and having especial narrow margin of youth with very few problems (21). However, just like the suburbia, under Neddys a pparent happiness and bloated comfort lie growing family and economic problems. Similarly, A Rose for Emily portrays the setting to be a southern town with ignorant views and rumours. This is representative of Emilys ignorance towards change because despite many messages from the mayor and sheriff asking for change, Emily would not mind to them (16).Secondly, the societies and settings that Neddy and Emily are in emphasize the possible sources that fuel their reluctance to let go or hold on to their past. For example, the society in The Swimmer makes Neddy act like everyone else where people have parties, fun, and are honored to give Neddy a drink (26). This illustrates how Neddys problem with accepting his past could have rooted from his towns society where he is expected to live in apparent happiness. Similarly, the society that Emily is in expects her to act like others, like when Emily is expected to marry someone.This shows how Emilys necrophilia and use of her fathers control ling ways was caused by the society because she was expected to marry someone, but since Homer was not a marrying man, she killed him so she could be with him and be in control (15). Lastly, the settings that Neddy and Emily reside in emphasize the changes they face. For example, in The Swimmer, as Neddy begins his journey and is unaware of his problems, the setting is described as a midsummer Sunday where everything seems peaceful and perfect (15). As Neddy continues his journey and his problems and past begin to dawn on him, the weather changes and a thunderstorm occurs.By the end, the place is dark and gloomy and Neddy is hit with the full realization of his problems (28). This pathetic fallacy is symbolic of the change that Neddy goes through because the setting and weather are directly connected to his emotions, changing depending on how he feels. Similarly, in A Rose for Emily, as the town changes constantly, Emilys house stays, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay (11). The fact that her house is described to be stubborn and decaying is symbolic of Emily, who is also stubborn towards change and is decaying metaphorically, as she lives in her past, confined from the outside world.Ultimately, it is shown that the setting one resides in can heavily influence the decisions and choices one makes. The setting of a story is closely linked to the plot as it has influence on it. The plot of a story connects the characters and settings to the problems and difficulties at hand. Firstly, the irony of the plots illustrates the futility of Neddy and Emilys reluctance to accept and let go of their past. For example, The Swimmer is ironic because Neddy drinks alcohol in order to forget about his past but it ends up sharpening his unhappiness and problems.The irony emphasizes how Neddys attempt at forgetting his past is pointless and futile because it ends up coming back to him. Likewise, A Rose for Emily is ironic because Emily buys arsenic and the town thinks, sh e will kill herself with it, but Emily ends up using it to poison Homer (15). This shows how Emily did not chose death as a way out of her past but succumbed to her fathers controlling ways. She resorted to necrophilia in order to control Homer, emphasizing how her reluctance to let go of her past is useless because in reality, she can never go back to her past.All she can do is pretend to still be in the past by dwelling on her fathers old ways. Secondly, the structure of the plots emphasizes the overall damage that Neddy and Emily face. For example, The Swimmer ends with Neddy looking at his abandoned and broken start house. The fact that there is no falling action shows how Neddys disregard for his past upscale his problems to the point of no return. In contrast, A Rose for Emily does not follow a regular beginning to conclusion structure since it begins with Emilys death.The non-chronological and unnatural structure is symbolic of how Emily, who was once considered tradition, a duty, and a care, had succumbed to eccentric and unnatural ways (11). Lastly, the conflict of the plots illustrates additional sources that fuel Neddy and Emilys problems. For instance, The Swimmer portrays the central conflict to be person vs. himself since Neddy always needs a drink, viewing how he cannot control his urge (26). This emphasizes how his problems are deeply rooted in his alcoholism and are simply not from his family and economic problems.In contrast, the main conflict in A Rose for Emily is person vs. erson since Emilys father was possessive and controlling of Emily. The town remembers all the young men Emilys father had driven away illustrating how he kept Emily isolated from the community (14). This shows how Emilys eccentric ways and hatred towards change stemmed and rooted from her father because of the way he hardened her. Since he controlled her so much, Emily had no choice but to cling on to the past when he died because it was the only thing she was used to. Ultimately, the plot emphasizes how Neddy and Emily created more problems than they started out with by not letting go or accepting their past.In conclusion, the two short stories The Swimmer by John Cheever and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner emphasize, through the development and actions of the characters, the aspects of the settings, and the structure and irony of the plot, how a reluctance to accept or let go of ones past can lead to many complications and difficulties. Ultimately, when people with underlying problems reside in a society, whose views and traditions tempts them to forget or cling on to their past, end up losing their grip on reality and ruining their lives.

Evaluating Reading Informally Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Reading folksyly EssayInformal approaches to the evaluation of literacy have developed in solution to the demands for greater accountability and the influence of national, standardized testing. The strength of free-and-easy approaches to evaluation is that it provides immediate feedback to both the student and the teacher. The teacher can use a pose of assessment tools to measure student learning while the student can buzz off specific guidance on what to do to improve her/his indicant skills.This show will explore four informal approaches to variation assessment teacher observation, teacher-student conferences, workbooks and worksheets and exercise portfolios. The first approach, teacher observation, is multi-faceted. It builds on the daily interaction between teacher and students. The purpose of the observation is diagnosis. Teachers place students in appropriate materials assess readiness for a given task determine reading interest, assess attitudes and ma ke decisions round decoding, comprehension, and study skills (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p.2). Although McKenna and Stahl (2003) would agree with Pikulski and Shanahan (1982) about the importance of teacher observation, they would disagree about the purpose. McKenna and Stahl (2003) refer to the process of diagnosis as The Deficit Model (p. 2) and what emerges from such a model is terms like remediation and remedial indorser (p. 2). Instead McKenna and Stahl (2003) prefer A Cognitive Model (p. 8) where the teacher observes the capacity of students for automatic vocalise recognition (p. 10), language comprehension (p. 15), and strategic knowledge (p.19). Taking automatic word recognition as one example of how teachers apply their observation skills, teachers attempt students abilities to predict or judge the appropriateness of a word in a given context, the fluency with which students read aloud passages in class, how quickly and accurately students recognize the most common wo rds in the English language, whether students can use their language skills to decode new, unfamiliar words, and whether students understand the sounds associated with letters and words, not solely the contexts.The second informal assessment technique, teacher-student conference, provides an opportunity for the teacher to assess student perceptions of their own give. Rather than using the conference like a teacher-p arnt conference where the p arnts receive updates on the childs progress, the teacher-student conference provides an opportunity for teachers to understand a students reading interests, attitudes towards reading, and the meaning-making strategies a student uses in the process of reading various kinds of materials (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p. 3).Caldwell (2002) identifies three purposes of reading assessment identify good reader behaviors, determine student reading level, and document student progress (p. 5). Some of what Caldwell (2002) identifies as good reading b ehaviors can be gauged during teacher-student conferences, especially in how each individual student makes meaning from any given text. Some of Caldwells (2002) reader behaviors are to connect what they know with the information in the text, determine what is important in the text, recognize the structure of the text, and summarize and reorganize ideas in the text (p.8). convertible tests do not allow students to use their personal backgrounds in interpretive reading, nor does it allow for exploring more than one important idea (the main idea) in a text. By using teacher-student conferences in a mien that all students can express themselves, teachers create a space for increased learning. This idea touches on what McKenna and Stahl (2003) visit The Contextual Approach, one distinct from a learning style model (p. 3).The third informal reading assessment, workbooks and worksheets, enable teachers to focus on individual students and their inescapably in practicing a specific skill (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p. 8). The numerous workbooks on the market and worksheets on the internet make this approach a relative quick and time-saving way to assess student learning. None of the informal instructional modes should be used alone and this particular assessment method highlights the danger of approaching one method as a singular way to service of process students improve their reading skills.Reading instructors hope students to not only improve their facility with recognizing and constructing words, sentences, and paragraphs, we also want students to make inferences, ask questions about the implications of a particular way of thinking, and synthesize multiple sources of information on an issue (Caldwell, 2002, p. 8). The ability to perform these latter tasks is undifferentiated with what McKenna and Stahl (2003) describe as strategic reading knowledge (p. 19). Finally, the fourth assessment technique, reading portfolios, enable students to develop an informe d perspective about their own reading and writing.Documenting student progress is one of the three reasons for assessing reading (Caldwell, 2002, p. 11). The benefit of this approach as an informal technique is that is shows the student the specific kind of improvement make in any given area. Unlike standardized tests, which compare students to a national norm or a cutoff score (Caldwell, 2002, p. 12-13), records of student progress assess a students learning in the area of reading over time. It also provides feedback to the instructor about teaching strengths and weaknesses.Specifically, reading portfolios help the student keep track of books read, favorite stories, scores on workbooks/worksheets, or progress in various learning centers (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p. 8). In summarizing the value of informal reading assessments, Caldwell (2002) states it very succinctly when she says, informal instruments are authentic than formal measures. They are similar to the actual task of r eading. Reading a passage and retelling its contents are more authentic than reading a short paragraph and answering multiple-choice questions by filling in little bubbles on a crease sheet (p.13). The word authentic refers to an assessments ability to measure reading. Caldwell (2002) describes the value of informal assessment tools in their ability to mimic the reading process. Informal assessment techniques return control of the learning process to the teachers and students who interact on a daily basis within a classroom. In many ways, they are more important than formal reading assessments because they provide qualitative feedback.ReferencesCaldwell, J. S. (2002). Reading assessment A primer for teachers and tutors. New York The Guilford Press. Johns, J. L. (1982).The dimensions and uses of informal reading assessment. In J. J. Pikulski and T. Shanahan (Eds. ), Approaches to the informal evaluation of reading. (pp. 1-11). Newark, DE International Reading Association. McKenna, M . C. , and Stahl, S. A. (2003).Assessment for reading instruction. New York The Guilford Press. Tierney, R. J. (1991). Portfolio assessment in the reading-writing classroom. Norwood, MA Christopher-Gordon Publishers. 9 November 2008. http//library. gcu. edu. Yancey, K. B. (1989). Reflection in the writing classroom. Logan, UT universal time University Press. 9 November 2008. http//library. gcu. edu.