Directing as a process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 720 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? DIRECTING Directing is the process that many people would most relate to managing. It is the act of supervising or leading workers to accomplish the goals of the organization. Furthermore, it is a process of influencing people’s behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline. The purpose of directing is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organization’s mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives. Consequently, directing includes the following functions the manager plays an active rather than passive role in employee performance, conduct, and accomplishments; the manager has a sensed responsibility of helping people in the organization accomplish their individual career goals; motivation; communication; performance appraisal; discipline; and conflict management. There are four ways to effectively carry out the managerial function of directing. First, to issue orders that are clear, complete, and within the capabilities of the subordinates; to define assignments; and to provide guidelines. Second, to provide an incessant training activity in which subordinates are given instructions. Third, to motivate workers to meet the expectations of the manager. Fourth, to maintain discipline; reward those who perform well; provide positive feedback; and be sincere throughout. To determine how good are the results that you get out of your subordinates, output or production; quality and workmanship; and cost and budget are to be considered. The different approaches in directing subordinates are as follows: train unskilled subordinates; consider your subordinates ideas; be accessible; listen actively and ask follow up questions; accept bad news as well as good ones; show that you value an opinion; and assume a â€Å"take charge’ role in cases of emergency. The manager must be able to motivate he’s employees in order to get things done. Motivation results from the existence of a person’s needs and the fulfillment of those needs. A need is an unfulfilled physiological or sychological desire of an individual. Several personalities proposed their own ideas regarding motivation and related it to management. Abraham Maslow, well known for his Hierarchy of Needs, identified five levels of human needs. These basic needs that motivate people to act in ways they do are the physiological, safety, social/belonging/love, esteem, and self actualization needs. Esteem and self actualization needs satisfy the higher order needs whereas physiological, safety, and social/belonging/love needs satisfy the lower order of needs. Frederick Herzberg introduced the Motivator or Hygiene Approach and classified needs into two factors: Motivation Factors, which are needed to motivate employee into higher performance; and Hygiene Factors that ensures the prevention of employee’s dissatisfaction. David McClell and also had his own approach regarding motivation which was called as Needs-based Motivation Model. Here he identified three needs that are vital to motivation, found to varying degrees in all workers or managers, and characterizes individual style and behavior. This includes the need for achievement (n-ach), need for power (n-pow), and need for affiliation (n-affil). Victor Vroom presented the Expectancy Theory which assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose is to maximize and minimize pain. It say that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that: there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, the reward will satisfy an important need, and the desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile. Harold Leavitt, an author and management expert advocated a more democratic approach to organizational d ecision-making but also concluded that people in large groups work through a chain of command. He devoted much of his research to studying the dynamics of group decision making but found that hierarchical structures were unavoidable and probably necessary. He concluded that hierarchy remained â€Å"the best method ever invented for solving complicated problems. Communication is the ability to communicate with all people with whom the eader comes into regular contact; the ability to communicate continuously; the ability to use language which those on the receiving end will be able to understand and respond to. It transfers information and enhances understanding among individuals and groups. The elements of communication are medium, message, speaker, listener, feedback, interference, and context. Communication techniques include effective speaking, effective learning, feedback, and alert to nonverbal signals. Barriers encompass physical, psychological, cultural, attitudes and behavio ral aspects. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Directing as a process" essay for you Create order

Racism Friendship By Toni Morrison - 890 Words

Racism impacting friendship Toni Morrison’s Recitatif focuses on one major character, Twyla, who was raised in an orphanage, not because her parents were dead, but because of her mother’s need to â€Å"dance all night† and the lack of care for Twyla. The fact of Twyla’s mother lacking parental skills was a key reason Twyla was brought up to be the racist girl she was. Twyla, identify her racism at a young age, does her best to overstep this aspect of her life to improve for only herself. In this story Twyla and Roberta’s friendship is characterized by the central idea of racial differences to which interracial friendship is identified as unworthy. First off, Twyla’s racism is first seen at the beginning of the story when Twyla refers to Roberta, the African American, as being â€Å"smelly†; however, she says this from the impact of her mother saying, â€Å"that they never washed their hair and they smelled funny† (Morrison, 203). Another aspect of racism is detected when Twyla declares, â€Å"Roberta’s mother looked down at me then and then looked down on Mary too. She didn’t say anything, just grabbed Roberta with her bible free hand and stepped out of line, walking quickly to the rear of it† (Morrison, 204). Roberta’s mothers’ action upon meeting Twyla and her mother, Mary, could symbolize racism. Racism can be inferred based on the racial impact, from Roberta’s mother, and of the differences in the color of their skin in the way Roberta’s mother turns and heads to the end of the line. ThisShow MoreRelatedRacism In Ralph Ellison1659 Words   |  7 Pages Racism in Toni Morrison’s and Ralph Ellison’s Works As generations have passed, society has become less and less racist. From a young age, many children are taught to celebrate diversity. This instills a sense of being able to love everyone, regardless of skin color or race. But a little over half a century ago, it was a completely different story. There was segregation present in buses, water fountains, and even bathrooms; this was all due to assumptions people made, just based on someone else’sRead MoreThe Friendship Of Two Black Women By Toni Morrison Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesToni Morrison’s novel is about the friendship of two black women, and how they and others live with the challenge social circumstances in Ohio during 1920s to 1960s. Throughout the story, Morrison encourages black women should overcome hardships and traumatic experiences to become independent and self-determined when they face racism, sexism, and poverty. The paper is using social work lens to examine how African-American history affects U.S social welfare. To be honestly, learning American historyRead MoreEssay on Transcendence and Transgression in Toni Morrisons Sula1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black women writers like Alice Walker, Paule Marshall, Toni Cade Banbara and Toni Morrison have always propagated the black feminist consciousness through their works. By giving voice to the voiceless, these writers renounce all the negative stereotypical images of black women. Morrison is an important writer among the league who has always startled her readers with her creative powers by giving her work such a finesse that one feels engulfed in her storyline. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1993Read MoreToni Morrison Framework Of Black Literature823 Words   |  4 PagesDwashonique Sanford English 207 Professor Cliffari May 24th 2017 Toni Morrison: Rectaif The framework of the American Literary Canon has, for Black Literature, naturally denoted the assimilation to the conventional guidelines of an overbearing tradition and its previously established works. â€Å"in postmodern period, traditional literature has been found to have been written by â€Å"dead white males† to serve the ideological aims of a conservative and repressive Anglo hegemony. In an array ofRead MoreRacism : Black Or White?949 Words   |  4 Pagesall of these races make up the different racial groups in America. Racism is the belief that race is the reason for human traits and that racial differences cause a race to be inferior or superior to other races. Racism affects how Americans live and work together in America. Recitatif by Toni Morrison published in 1983, fifteen years after the Civil Rights Movement, is an example of fictional writing that addresses the topic of racism that occurred in America. Morrison’s use of main characters withRead Mor eLiterary Analysis Of Recitatif1135 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis Paper: â€Å"Recitatif† by Toni Morrison Many authors write fictional novels about historical events. A common topic written about is the racial integration between African Americans and whites during the 1950’s. Although the short story â€Å"Recitatif† explicate many different themes, the central topic of Morrison’s writing is about racism. Throughout the story, the author expresses examples of hatred between black and white races at the shelter, the different encounters they have, andRead MoreEssay on Recitatif by Toni Morrison522 Words   |  3 PagesRecitatif by Toni Morrison Recitatif, by Toni Morrison, is a profound narrative that I believe is meant to invite readers to search for a buried connotation of the experiences that the main characters, Twyla and Roberta, face as children and as they are reunited as adults. Some of the story?s values and meanings involving race, friendship and abandonment begin to emerge as the plot thickens; however, more messages become hidden and remain unrecognized, even until the very last sentence. Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pagesshows the things that they had to go through. The things that shaped their friendship throughout their time in the shelter. Their friendship is tested because during this time whites and blacks weren t exactly supposed to be seen together. Which leads me to the theme of race. Race has shaped this whole story, because of the time period it was set in. It brings up tension but is also not mentioned upfront. In my opinion Morrison did this to show the right and w rong that had gone on throughout this timeRead More`` Strangers `` By Toni Morrison And James Baldwin1400 Words   |  6 Pagesthe works of Toni Morrison and James Baldwin. We encounter too many people everyday and it’s impossible to get to know them all. We observe and gauge them based on appearances, just like we do with â€Å" Books based on their cover † says Edwin Rolfe in â€Å"Murder in the Glass room†. In â€Å"Strangers† by Morrison, she meets a fisherwoman at her neighbor’s seawall. Morrison notices that the woman was â€Å"wearing men’s shoes, a man’s hat, a well-worn colorless sweater over a long black dress†(Morrison 199). It seemsRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the story revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliated

Debut Albums and Pause free essay sample

Not much point in getting it if were never here. JERRY Were here now. Not really. (silence) JERRY Well, things have changed. Youve been so busy, your job, and everything. Well, I know. But I mean, I like It. I want to do It. JERRY No, Its great. Its marvelous for you. But youre not EMMA If youre running a gallery youve got to run It, youve got to be there. JERRY But youre not free In the afternoons. Are you? No. JERRY So how can we meet? But look at the times youre out of the country. Youre never here. JERRY But when I am here, youre not free in the afternoons. So we can never meet. EMMA We can meet for lunch.JERRY We can meet for lunch but we cant come all the way out here for a quick lunch. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Pause or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Im too old for that. EMMA I didnt suggest that. You see, In the past.. . We were inventive We were determined. , it was.. . It seemed Impossible to meet Impossible And yet we did. We met here, we took this flat and we met In this flat because we wanted to. JERRY It would not matter how much we wanted to If youre not free In the afternoons and Im In America. (Silence) Nights have always been out of the question and you know I have a family. EMMA JERRY I know that perfectly well. I might remind you that your husband is my oldest reined.EMMA What do you mean by that? JERRY I dont mean anything by it. EMMA But what are you trying to say by saying that? JERRY Jesus. Im not trying to say anything. Vive said precisely what I wanted to say. EMMA see. The fact is that in the old days we used our imagination and wed take a night and make an arrangement and go too hotel. JERRY Yes. We did. But that was In the main Before we got this flat. EMMA We havent spent many nights In this flat. JERRY NO. Not many nights anywhere really. EMMA Can you afford. .. To keep it going Month after month? JERRY Oh.. . EMMA Its waste. Nobody comes here.I Just cant bear to think about it, actually. Just Empty. All day and night. Day after day and night after night. I mean the crockery and the curtains and the bedspread and everything. And the tablecloth I brought from Venice. (Pause) Its Just.. . An empty home. JERRY Its not a home. I know. I know what you wanted But it could never Actually be a home. You have a home. I have a home. With curtains, etcetera. And children. Two children in two homes. There are no children here, so its not the same kind of home. EMMA It was never intended to be the same kind of home. Was it? You didnt ever see it as a home, in any sense, did you?JERRY No, I saw it as a flat You know. For screwing. JERRY No, for loving. Well, theres not much of that left, is there? JERRY I dont think we dont love each other. Ah well. (pause) What will you do about all the Jerkwater? The contents. Furniture? JERRY You know we can do something very simple, if we want to do it. EMMA You JERRY Thats right. Wasnt the bed here? What? Servants it? We bought the bed. We bought everything. We bought the bed together. JERRY Ah yes. Youll make all the arrangements, then? With Mrs. Banks? I dont want anything. Nowhere I can put it, you see. I have a home, with tablecloths and all the rest of it.JERRY Ill go into it, with Mrs. Banks. Therell be a few quid, you know, so EMMA No, I dont want any cash, thank you very much. Im going now. Oh, heres my key. (she struggles with the key ring) Oh Christ. You take it off. (She throws the keys to him, he catches them. ) Can you Just do it, please? Im picking up Charlotte from school. Im taking her shopping. (he takes the key of Do you realism this is an afternoon? Its the Gallery afternoon off. Thats why Im here. We close every Thursday afternoon. Can I have my key ring? (he gives it to her). Thanks. Listen. I think weve made absolutely the right decision.

Ma r x i sm Essays - Politics, Thought, Philosophy, Marxism

Ma r x i sm In my report I will be analysing the presence of Marxism in F.S.K Fitzgerald's book, The Great Gatsby '. Whilst viewing this book through a critical lens, I discovered that many examples in the text work together to show the Marxist literary theory, of how everything relates back to wealth and financial status, reflecting on the economic experiences of the author. The particular aspects of this novel I will be focusing on are theme and characterisation . The Great Gatsby' is quite centred on the theme of money and how it will inevitably affect one's life. Money, wealth and class are central themes which fuel the plot, and the way in which characters act, think, interact with the other characters, and are portrayed. Power and money are intricately co-related, as having one typically - but not always means the other is present, whilst lacking one means the other is absent. In the Jazz age of the 20's, when this book is set, the amount of money you had defined what class you were in. Even within the category of rich' there were sub-categories, such as safer or old' money, which is when families have been wealthy for many generations. New' money is somewhat frowned upon, and looked on with suspicion and contempt by the aristocracy, who pride themselves on having been affluent for generations. The characters portray Marxist ideas, through Fitzgerald's representation of the different classes, and his interpretation of how their class defines their experience. The theory of Marxism was created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century, who perceived human history to have consisted of a series of struggles between classes - the oppressed and the oppressing.' The bourgeois and the proletariat are the two classes of people in society. According to Marxists, the proletariat are the peasants, the hard working low class with very little to show for their efforts and the bourgeois is the upper class, who according to Marx and Engels reap the benefits of the proletariats labour . Marx believed that for the uprising and rebellion of the proletariats to be successful, it must be swift and violent and many of the current ruling class will perish because the former presiding class will not give up without a fight and their death will be the only way to win the revolution. Marxism believed that the class system and the large gap between the rich and poor would be bridged by the removal of capitalism, and returning the means of production to the lower and middle class people. This would lead to a classless' society which governs itself, where everyone is equal. Marxism in literature relates to class differences ; economic and otherwise, as well as the implications and complications of the capitalist system. It attempts to reveal the ways in which our socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.