Expenditure Cycle

Expenditure rung eruditeness OutcomesDescribe and controvert the business activities that relate to data processing operations that performed in the disbursal bike and identify the information undeniable to adjudge those decisions.Spot and dealing with the major threats and estimate the adequacy of various swan procedures in the expending beat.Understand and familiar with a data sham (REA diagram) of the expenditure cycle.IntroductionWhat Should You Know The Expenditure Cycle The expenditure cycle involves interactions with your providers. You buy goods or go and pay property. The routineicular objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of getting and maintaining armoury, supplies, and services. Also to agree that all goods and services be order as ask, receive and insist that they are in good condition as were logical. Accounting for expenditures is an dissolver for all questions related to operation in any organization. Accounting e ntities abide increased requirements due to budgetary reporting needs and the variety of several(predicate) fund types related to the expenditure cycle. The recording of expenditure related minutes must be carefully monitored and check intoled to meet these requirements.Objectives of the Expenditure CycleThe primary objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of acquiring and maintaining armory, supplies, and services.Other objectives related to expenditure cycleTo ensure that all goods and services are ordered as requireTo receive all ordered goods and verify that they are in good conditionTo safeguard goods until involveTo ensure that beaks pertaining to goods and services are legitimate and correctTo record and split up the expenditures promptly and accuratelyTo post obligations and cash disbursements to proper providers depends in the cards collectable ledgerTo ensure that all cash disbursements are related to authoritative expendituresTo reco rd and classify cash disbursements promptly and accuratelyFigure 3.1 background Diagram of the Expenditure CycleFigure 3.2 Level of Expenditure CycleBasic Activities for Expenditure CycleThere are three underlying activities performed in the expenditure cycle are1. swaning goods, supplies, and services the account decisions in this process involve identifying what, when, and how much to barter for from whom to get. Weaknesses in armoury control tooshie create signifi providet problems on inaccurate records amaze shortages and matchless of the key factors affecting this process is the inventory control mode to be used. We will consider three alternate processiones to inventory control economical Order Quantity (EOQ)-traditional approach to managing inventory just in Time Inventory (JIT)*-seeks to reduce inventory levels by improving the truth of forecasting techniques Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)*-to minimize or eliminate inventory by purchasing or producing onl y in response to actual gross sales The order processing typically begins with a grease ones palms request followed by the generation of a get order for inventory control system. The demanding to purchase goods or supplies is triggered by the inventory control berth or an employee noticing a shortage. For advanced inventory control systems, initiate purchase were automatically requests when mensuration falls below the reorder point. The need to purchase goods typically results in the creation of a purchase requisition. The purchase requisition is a constitution document or electronic form that identifiesWho is requesting the goodsWhere they should be deliveredWhen theyre neededItem numbers, descriptions, quantities, and pricesPossibly a suggested providerDepartment number and account number to be chargedThe purchase requisition is fork up by a purchasing buyer (Agent) in the purchasing department that typically performs the purchasing activity and the detail on the supplier s and the items purchased can be pulled from the supplier and inventory master data files. A crucial decision is the selection of supplier and grassroots considerations are price, quality and dependability. Based on this three criterias, the supplier has should selected and identify a product so its can become part of the product inventory master file so the supplier does not gestate to be carried out and repeated each time for every purchasing for products that are seldom ordered. Its in any case important to crosscut and periodically evaluate supplier performance including data on purchase prices, rework and scrap costs and supplier slant performance to read sure the process its done on time.Purchase OrderA purchase order is a document or electronic form that formally requests a supplier to sell and deliver qualify products at specified prices. The PO is both a contract and a promise to pay. It involvesNames of supplier and purchasing constituentOrder and quest delivery datesDelivery locationShipping methodDetails of the items orderedMultiple purchase orders whitethorn be completed for one purchase requisition if multiple venders will fill the request. The ordered measuring may in any case differ from the requested quantity to take advantage of quantity discounts.Blanket OrderA blanket order is a fealty to buy specified items at specified prices from a particular supplier for a set time period.Reduces buyers uncertainty nearly reliable material sourcesHelps supplier plan capacity and operations info Technology on orderingIn AIS, Information technology also can help and improve for ability and effectiveness of purchasing function based on time and cost usingElectronic data Interchange(EDI) to transmit purchase ordersvendor- shell outd inventory systemsreverse auctionspre-award auditsprocurement cards for underage purchases2. Receiving and storing these items The receiving department is responsible to accepts deliveries from vendor or suppli ers and reports it to warehouse manager that who reports to wrong President (VP) of Manufacturing. Inventory stores department typically stores the goods and also reports to warehouse manager. The pass on of goods must be communicated to the inventory control function to update inventory records. The two major responsibilities of the receiving department are deciding whether to accept delivery and verifying the quantity and quality of delivered goods.The first decision is based on whether there is a valid purchase order is accepting an confused goods wastes time, handling and storage. Verifying the quantity of delivered goods is really important so the fraternity only pays for goods received and inventory records are updated accurately Companies must an in effect and clearly communicate with their staff especially receiving shop assistant so that all deliveries counting accurately. The receiving clerk need to sign receiving report, record the quantity received and also carefull y examine each delivery for signs of obvious defame before routing the inventory to the warehouse. The receiving report is the primary document used in this processIt documents the date goods received, shipper, supplier, and Purchase Order (PO) numberShows item number, description, social unit of measure, and quantity for each itemProvides space for signature and comments by the person who received and inspectedReceipt of services is typically documented by supervisory approval of the suppliers invoice. When goods arrive a receiving clerk compares the PO number on the packing slip with the open PO file to verify the goods were ordered.Then counts the goodsExamines for damage before routing to warehouse or manufactoryThree possible exceptions in this processThe quantity of goods is different from the metre orderedThe goods are damagedThe goods are of inferior qualityIf one of these exceptions occurs, the purchasing agent resolves the situation with the supplier and typically all ows adjustment to the invoice for quantity discrepancies. If goods are damaged or inferior, a debit memorandum is prepared after the supplier agrees to accept a return or grant a discount.One copy goes to supplier, who returns a credit memo in acknowledgment and other copy to accounts collectible to adjust the account payable and other one go to shipping to be returned to supplier with the actual goods.IT can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the receiving activityBar-codingRFIDEDI and satellite technologyAudits3. Paying for these items There are two basic sub-processes involved in the payment processApproval of vendor invoices-by the accounts payable department, which reports to the controller. The legal obligation to pay rescinds when goods are received and the basic approach for processing vendor invoices are non-voucher system and voucher system certain payment of the invoices-Payment of the invoices is done by the cashier, who reports to the treasurer.The cas hier receives a voucher package, which consists of the vendor invoice and supporting documentation, such as purchase order and receiving report. inwrought Control for Expenditure CycleBefore we move on to discuss internal controls in the expenditure cycle, lets do a brief review of the organization chart, includingWho does what in the expenditure cycleTo whom they typically reportPurchasing selects suitable suppliers and issues purchase orders. Receiving decides whether to accept deliveries and counts and inspects deliveries. Inventory Stores stores goods that have been delivered and accepted. Account Payable approves invoices for payment Cashier Issues payment to vendors.Figure 3.3 overtone organization chart for units involved in expenditure cycleIn the expenditure cycle, Accounting Information System (AIS) should provide internal and out-of-door controls to ensure that the chase objectives are met on the whole minutes are right authorizedAll recorded transactions are validAl l valid and authorized transactions are recordedAll transactions are recorded accuratelyAssets are safeguarded from loss or stealingBusiness activities are performed efficiently and effectivelyThe company is in entry with all applicable laws and regulationsAll disclosures are full and fair affright and ControlThere are several actions a company can take with respect to any cycle to reduce threats of errors or irregularities. These takeUsing simple, easy to complete documents with clear instructionsUsing permit application controls, such as validity checks and field checksProviding space on forms to record who completed and who reviewed the formPre-numbering documents to encourages recording of valid and only valid transactions.Restricting access to blank documents (reduces risk of unauthorized transaction).The threats that may arise in the three major steps of the expenditure cycle, as hearty as general threats, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) related threats, and threats rel ated to purchases of services. Before we discuss specific threats, it may be helpful to have some background on a form of occupational spoof and abuse which is broadly referred to as corruption. Corruption cases often involve arrangements in the midst of a companys purchasing agent and a sales vocalization for one of the companys vendors. The vendors representative may try to induce the purchasing agent to buy goods that are over-priced, inferior quality. Arent nonetheless needed and also arent even delivered. In exchange, the vendors rep typically offers the purchasing agent something of value. That something might be money, payment of a debt, a job offer, an high-priced vacation, or anything the purchasing agent might value.According to the hoax testers Manual published by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, these schemes usually take four formsBriberyConflict of interestEconomic extortionIllegal gratuitiesInformation Needs for Expenditure CycleInformation is neede d for the following operational tasks in the expenditure cycle, includingDeciding when and how much inventory to orderDeciding on appropriate suppliersDetermining if vendor invoices are accurateDeciding whether to take purchase discountsDetermining whether adequate cash is available to meet current obligationsInformation is also needed for the following strategic decisions based on setting prices for products/services, establishing policies on returns and warranties, deciding on credit terms, determining short-term borrowing needs and planning spic-and-span marketing campaigns. The AIS needs to provide information to evaluate purchasing efficiency and effectiveness, supplier performance, time taken to move goods from receiving to production and percent of purchase discounts taken.Both financial and operating information are needed to manage and evaluate these activities. Both external and internal information are needed when the AIS integrate information from the various cycles, so urces, and types, the reports that can be generated are unlimited. They include reports onSupplier performanceOutstanding invoicesPerformance of expenditure cycle employeesNumber of POs treat by purchasing agentNumber of invoices processed by A/P clerkNumber of deliveries handled by receiving clerkNumber of inventory moves by warehouse workerInventory overthrowClassification of inventory based on contribution to profitabilityWe also know that an accountant should continually refine and improve these performance reports sum-upIn this subtopic, we really learned about the basic business activities and data processing operations that are performed in the expenditure cycle on Ordering goods, supplies, and services Receiving and storing them Approving invoices and paying for them We also learned how IT can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of these processes and learned about decisions that need to be made in the expenditure cycle and what information is required to provoke the se decisions. This subtopic also discuss about the major threats that present themselves in the expenditure cycle and the controls that can mitigate those threats

Is It Advertisement Manipulation Media Essay

Is It Advertisement exercise Media EssayAdvertising plays a critical role in the world that we live in. Every day, the media expands and thousands of magazines, TV commercials, intercommunicate stations and newspapers atomic number 18 released. Advertisement is found in every one one of these Medias. It is important beca give it helps individuals sock what yields be popular on the marketplace. As a college student, I myself am very fascinated by publicizing. I lift across ads on the internet, on the radio, on telecasting, and on magazines. But are these publicizings really helpful to the consumers or are we just being manipulated into purchase a product? This question deserves to be examined because millions of the great unwashed are being affected by advertisement each and every day. They might not even realize that advertisers use psychological techniques in put up to gestate the consumer to taint their product, and eventually change their using up and living ten dency.Before I could focus on the advertisers psychological techniques, I first needed to call back out about the ethics of advertisement. I started my look into by version a news article, Precious Information or Vicious Manipulation, from Ezine Articles, to father me a simple gaining of it. Each different commerce has its hold rules for the ethical requirements. There are, however, four marketing communication requirements that every sedulousness has to follow which include legal, decent, honest and truthful (Yordanof). One of the interviewed individual quoted the roughly successful companies do not need ethics in their activities because they begin built empires. He also stated, sooner or later whoever is not ethical depart face the negative consequences.One of the about the most contentious matters in the marketing communications market is the quality of advertisements. troika area of interest in terms of ethical decision of advertisement have been distinguished as in dividual self-reliance, consumer sovereignty, and the nature of the product. The individual autonomy refers to the advertizement to young children, consumer sovereignty refers the level of information and superiority of the indented consumer, and as for the nature of the product, well, it speaks for itself.Needing more in-depth information on how advertisement affects young children, I turned to The Washington Post newspaper and read a myopic article entitled Information or Manipulation. It is said that spending on advertising for children has increased five-fold in the last ten years and dickens thirds of commercials during child television programs are for food products (Bergadaa 2007). Young children represent 24 zillion dollars worth in the marketplace (McNeal 2007). Research from the American mental Association show that children do not have the ability to understand whether a commercial is reli fitted or not, therefore they are rattling impacted by them. They are not ab le to comprehend the true(a) message behind an advertisement and therefore believe it is truthful, accurate and deaf(p) which can lead to unhealthy eating habits as evidenced by todays youth obesity epidemic (Mayer 2004). Advertisers spend over 12 billion dollar a year on commercials intended for children. Research shows that a child watches about forty thousand television commercials a year. Roberts and Pettigrew receptive that 28.5 hours of childrens television programming sampled contained 950 advertisements (sec.12). Advertising industry officials believe that parents should be able to explain the advertisements truthfulness to their kids because most of the ads are on junk food, sodas, and candies. Advertisers affirm on the parents to be cautious and say no to their young children. They do not see the psychological difficulties parents face to constantly be responding negatively to their childs requests, said Dale L. Kunkel. However, some countries have more harsh rules aga inst children advertisement which I quote from this report Sweden and Norway do not permit any television advertising to be directed towards children under 12 and no adverts at all are allowed during childrens programmes. Australia does not allow advertisements during programmes for pre-school children. Austria does not permit advertising during childrens programmes, and in the Flemish region of Belgium no advertising is permitted 5 minutes before or after programmes for children. Sponsorship of childrens programmes is not permitted in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden while in Germany and the Netherlands, although it is allowed, it is not used in practice. (McSpotlight).In Daniele Pradas article Advertising Manipulation or Information, advertisement is considered information. Some commercials actually provide you with scientific facts and practically more. Have you ever seen the commercial about smoking? Our society is toilsome to enlighten everyone about the effects smoking w ill have on you because we know it is a bad tendency that can cause crabby person and eventually lead to death. In that case, advertisement is used in order to convince commonwealth to stop smoking before it is too late. The advertisers normally present the facts, and throw in a quote that will withstand the consumer ponder. One very famous reflective phrase is, Children of parents who smoke, get to promised land earlier (Anti-smoking).We all have seen above the influence commercials which usually charge adolescent and young adults. This advertising campaign conducted by the Office of subject area Drug Control Policy provides commercial in order to clog the use of drugs and to encourage parents to discuss it with their children. Each of these commercial shows what it means to be above the influence in its own unique way. The Above the see campaign appears to be successful because it taps into the desire by teenagers to be independent and self-sufficient, Slater said. A recen t study done by the Ohio State University, shows that Above the Influence campaign seems to have successfully bring down the use of marijuana by adolescents.On the other hand, some people feel that advertisement is pure manipulation and that it plays with our feelings. To captivate our attention advertisers use famous artists, sports, music and fancy images. They use crucial values to influence people of purchasing something or doing something. In his article, Alan Harris believes that this manipulation is viewed as a type of foregrounding. His definition of foregrounding was a linguistic process in which some elements, such as words, phrases, sentences, stressings, intonations, or the like are wedded prominence or made more meaningfully significant by the communicator/language-user, in this case the creator(s) of a print advertisement. In other words, a lot of elements are used in order to convince the consumer to buy a product or service. Millions of people are being manipulated each dayMost of the beautiful aspects promised in ads are most of the measure not true. For example, can buying a specific type of purifying really make the clothes brand new? I reckon not But advertisers would do everything in their power to convince you that their detergent is the best and would restore your clothes to brand new. The advertisers around the world are able change the way people live and change their spending tendency. This is the main reason why advertisers spend an incredible amount of property on advertisements. According to the General information article, it is estimated that the price of a product may go up for up to 40% due to advertisement costs. Advertisement encourages the individual to be one step ahead of everybody else that is why they will tell you that their products is better than the others. Another way to captures the consumers attention is internal arousal because they know that sexual need is one of the most mightily desire in a human. In her article, Mwende says, Government should establish institutions that will scrutinize and ensure that the commercials and advertisements do not merely cheat people callously. It should make sure that people are not manipulated, cheated, lied to or exploited by unscrupulous traders.As I wrap up my research, I notice that advertisement can be both substantiating and negative. I now understand how it can both be viewed as information or manipulation to certain people. However, my question still cannot be answered because I believe that I would have to do more research on the psychological part and how advertisement affects the mind. I want to know how an advertisement is processed through a ones brain. In order to be able to answer my question, I want to explore this issue further.

Examining The Holy Books

Examining The Holy BooksMost wad think of the sanctum sanctorum books as a set of heartless rules, laws and ancient story empty of hold meanings, which ar difficult for our mind to comprehend fully. Their languages argon strange to our red-brick languages, we do non be intimate their square meanings and their purposes, and we do not generate away some(prenominal) clue how they can help us in life. test 305-6, Romans 7 12-14Every word of God is pure he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him. Gods law is Blessed just good and spiritual. every last(predicate) of these concepts be justifiable because we do not know any thing close them as much as we should do, just to reach them for some religious events.No wonder we are not able to capture God because we do not know his words, the more we learn ab pop out Gods word the more we become that constrictive to God.The Torah of Moses, the Psalms of David, the Gospel of Jesus and the Koran of Mohammad, they are magnif icent devoted books, pure true statement, with matchless value, which come from the one and the same source. These heavenly books befuddle been the most influential books in history exclusively of them are miracle with no equal, beyond the capacity of human.Divine religions help people to save and get out their faith , their original holy books are best references which are max from any personal preference, if the people do not add or take away from them for better translation or some propagation for personal advantage.Koran 322This is scripture free from every(prenominal) last(predicate) doubt has been sent down from the lord of the worlds.They provide us with every the information we need to get en unwarrantedened and advanced. Through considering and appreciation our holy books, we could become conscious and to realize the worldwide realities, secrets, messages and cods. These heavenly books are, slightly dun bridge between visible and invisible worlds, connection be tween the manufacturing business and creature we have been honored with this amazing set of connections.These luminous books proclaim us how to purify our soul from the impurities for perfection in order to position ourselves for our journey toward God, we are people of love who want to observe and experience his love and truth.Their messages have addressed directly to all people heedless to their class, gender and age, they have instruction and information in different styles and ways for all classes of human beings in favor of their happiness.They are the source of truth and true knowledge, which teach us all rational, moral, spiritual matters and principle of happiness, arrest us aware of our creator through his magnificent creation, and explain our augur purpose for his creation.Romans 1017So then faith comes from consultation the words of God.These revelations are the life-maps for us to find our right path and any one could find his own share, they are Gods timeless spe eches for whole earthly concern regardless of era, sex, ethnic group and location.They reveal the tremendous meanings and purposes of life and are inspired by God for eternal life and salvation they are heavenly divine truth, religious beliefs, laws and mortality. These practical books contain different subjects philosophy, sociology, history, psychology, physics, biology, law, tradition, spirituality, mortality, and religion, every body with different level of consciousness can obtain realise from them.Through them, we are able to conceive how God acts and rules in universe, their insignificant historical events have verity meanings we could draw universal conclusion from those common events. They hold the vast store of divine purposes, facts, and bear hidden universal principle and general law even the rules of personal, social conduct and chief of happy life.Koran 3164In deed God conferred a considerable favor on the dealrs when he sent among them a messenger from among themselves reciting to them his holy book and purifying them.These divines words are a gift of varietyness beyond our expectations which enable us to attach ourselves to the spirit of God to see the source of truth, understand the way to the eternal life, find out about the secrecy of life and our magnificent destiny.They are healing for any kind of spiritual sickness that treats any patient in a reliable way since human beings are different in the condition of their heart.They ask in us to the unlimited peace and delight, the most all important(p) thing is to manoeuvre our heart and our mind to unite with God. To have all answers to all our of necessity (physically and spiritually) according to our moral purity and our intellectual capacity, we would strive perfection, and to elevate and refer our soul through learning and understanding these scriptures.God shows his true signs to people through his divinely revelation in order that they find out about the reality of creati on.2 Timothy 316All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good worksAll revelations have specific purposes, to know and believe our creator through his creation, to open the door of more love and blessings, to compass lasting happiness, to give inner power for faith testing trail.We should take Gods words prayerfully with all our heart because their truth protects our spirit and our body.God has conjure us with extensive knowledge and guidance we should learn and internalize the true meaning of his word through understanding, experiencing, following our heart and our conscience.The most important matter is, to apply Gods principles into our ordinary lives and avoid regretting from making wrong decisions in additional, to build our lives upon the solid rock of divines word in order to achieve eternal happiness.We should recite them over and over to fix them in our dispel heart firmly it means to recite them with the tongue of our heart.KORAN 515-16In deed there has come to you from God a light and a clear book with which God guides him who seeks his pleasure to the ways of precaution and brings them out of darkness into light by his permission and guides them to a uncoiled pathEvery time we read them, our mind and our soul secernate the sore truth and meaning from them.When we read them with holiness and sincerity, we discover new meaning and understanding. There is no point in reciting them with out understanding and contemplation.We believe in heavenly books because we follow our heart and our conscious, they are back up by light of faith and signs of Gods wisdom and power and mercy we enliven our God through thankfulness, obedience and specially loving attitude.James 221-24Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he offered his son Isaac upon the communion table? You see that f aith was active along with his works, and faith was completed by works, and the scripture was fulfilled which says, Abraham believed GOD, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness

PG Promotions Strategy Analysis

PG Promotions Strategy AnalysisPG has changed its forward motions outline for flowIntroductionProcter and Gambles Tide is the most well-liked and popular detergents across the world. This product serves as a gazump for PG in announcing it as a flagship scar. Company undertakes promotional strategy fundamentally to boost the sales of the products and stimulating nodes to buy the products. Tide uses different strategies in promotion which Includes online merchandise, magazines and television.Reasons for the shift in promotion strategy of tideIn todays changing business world, the consumers have become more than dynamic and vary in their preferences as well as they are getting more knowledgeable and demanding. Therefore, the troupe is focusing on its customers and client in score to get huge success. These transitions have forced the PG to make the changes in the promotional strategy in order to become more customers centric (Kotler, 2002). Secondly, PG observes that in order to maintain leading position in the field of race it has to make a shift in the promotional strategy by employing new techniques of promotion. Findings have exposed only 8% shopping is carried come to the fore by men where as female account for 56%. The borrowing of changed promotional strategy by PG has proved to be beneficial in attracting the consumers and making them loyal for the brand. Apart from this, it has helped the company in gaining warring reward (Penner, 2006).Changes adopted by PG in promotional strategy for tidePG underwent series of changes in promotional strategy for Tide. The promotional strategy comprises host of the activities such as advertising campaign, running public relation activities, offering of cease gifts, distribution of indigent sample, offering temporary discounts. Earlier $5.5 billion was fagged by Procter and Gamble in the year 1999 for advertising globally. Thus, making it worlds major(ip) advertisers. Procter and Gamble reaps the bene fits from electronic and print media internationally.PG new promotional strategy think on the creating an emotional appeal rather than just merchandise a product. It linked the product best with the emotions of the people. As a result it changed its tag end line for Tide as Tide knows fabric best. The company believed in promoting the product in such a manner that it makes an impact in the minds of customer and speaks to them in an effective manner. Therefore, the PG is putting all its efforts towards increasing the consumer feel- skinny for its products (Berner, 2006, may 01).As a recent change, the company is using up-to-the-minute technique of Information Technology as a promotion strategy for Tide. The use of these technology helps to explore the new opportunities. For Tide PG is using online foodstuffing systems, magazines and television. For promoting the sales, PG is using the Q Interactive, which is an online marketing service. Through this technique, it interacts wit h the target market. The Q network promotes the clients to obtain free Tide products preindicationing up to a Tide ad. Simultaneously they skunk have an access everyplace Tides e-mail newsletter. Once the newsletter is sign up by customers, the customers gets the updates of the latest promotions or products. This technique is successful for the company as it fulfills the various goals of promotion (Promotional strategy, 2003).Apart from this, PG strategy focuses in inquisitory women having huge social networks i.e. the women ranging from the age group of 28 to 45, who further chats with just about 25 to 30 other women. On the other hand a normal mom chats to approx five. Several such connectors are present on the internet along with the banner like iVilllage.com. Vocal point moms serves as a recent new strategy adopted by the company, these are the mailed packets depicting the detergent and a cheery girl (Berner, 2006, may 29).Apart from this, to advertise Tide in TV and radio PG promotional strategy is focusing on the effective opening punch line, on the products of competitors, authentication by experts or well-known authorities and finding the fainthearted point of competitor. In order to promote the Tide on site, the promotion strategy focuses on the content of site i.e. depth, breadth, way of presentation and time duration. Apart from this, emphasis is given on the updating the site and aloofness for comments, suggestion and feedback.Competitive advantagePromotional strategy plays a bouncy role in gaining competitive advantage or edge over the competitors. The new promotional strategy adopted by the PG like online marketing and Vocal point moms go away help the company in gaining the market share and getting wider access to the customer. The company will gain the competitive advantage as these strategies will help in retaining the loyal customer and getting the new ones. As a result, this will pose a threat to the competitors and make the Tide more acceptable among the customers (Ramaswamy, Namakumari, 2007).This strategy will help the company in maintaining its position as leader in the market. Through the online advertising it has personalized its services by providing the latest updates of the products and well-fixed accessibility for the products ultimately it will help in building brand image and creating value to the customers. Thus, it will gain competitive advantage by implementing effective promotional strategies.ReferencesBerner, R. (2006, May 29) I Sold It through the Grapevine. transaction Week. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.Berner, R. (2006, May 1). Detergent Can Be So Much more PGs. Business Week. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.Kotler, P. (2002). Marketing Management (11th Edition). New Delhi Prentice Hall of India cliquish Ltd.Penner, T. (2006). PG turns the tide. Brunico Communications Inc. 6 (30).Promotional strategy (2003). Procter Gamble Annual Report. Retrieved May 19, 2008 from http//www.scribd.c om/doc/281854/Procter-Gamble-2003-Annual-ReportRamaswamy, V.S. Namakumari, S. (2007). Marketing Management (3rd Revised Edition). New Delhi Macmillan India Ltd.

The clinical efficacy of salvia officinalis

The clinical cap top executive of salvia officinalisAn evaluation of the clinical efficacy of salvia officinalis, salvia lavandulaefolia and genus genus Melissa officinalis for the prophylaxis, management and amelioration of cognitive dys function with particular reference to Alzheimers distemper and non-Alzheimer-type senile deliriums.1. Introduction madness is a collection of symptoms ca r knocked out(p)ined by a chronic, global deterioration of cognitive function. It terminate occur at any age save is nigh universal in the elderly and increases with age (Beers et al. 2006 1811). Around 5% of heap everywhere 65, 25% everyplace 80 and 45% all over 85 rich person some form of insanity (Knapp et al. 2007 10 Collins 1997 185). The population is maturation and whereas today thither is an estimated 700,000 people in the UK suffering from derangement, this follow is plume to increase to to a greater extent than a million by 2025. The huge force mania has on society, devastating families and costing around 17-18 million every year bottomland non be overstated (Knapp et al. 11). Early identification and safe, legal, intervention is therefore important. dementedness may be classified as Alzheimers or non-Alzheimer-types (Beers et al. 2006 1811). The most unwashed madness is Alzheimers disease (AD) (Grossman et al. 2006 985), affecting around 20 million people worldwide (Akhondzadeh et al. 2003 53) and accounting for around 62% of madnesss (Knapp et al. 2007 11). Non-Alzheimer-type monomanias typically affecting those over 60 include vascular dementia (27%), Lewy body dementia and fronto-temporal dementia (Knapp et al. 29).Cognitive disorders atomic number 18 treated allopathically with drugs that call for yet to show of import benefits and have a number of side- centres and contraindications. The need for safer, more effective treatments has conduct to increasing interest in the use of herbs for their management (Akhondzadeh and Abb asi 2006 117). A frame of herbs, for example Salvia officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Mellissa officinalis, Ginkgo biloba (Heinrich et al 2004 234), Withania somnifera (Howes et al. 2003 12), Centella asiatica (Chevallier 1996 78) and Panax nin-sin (Mantle et al. 2000 207) have long-standing tralatitious use as wargonhousing-enhancing herbs. Consequently a number of clinical studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of some of these herbs, most nonably Ginkgo biloba, Salvia spp. and Mellissa officinalis, in the treatment of cognitive disorders. Of these, only clinical trials of Gingko biloba have been extensively followed (Birks and Grimley Evans 2002 Ernst et al. 1999 Oken et al. 1998). This present re image aims to fill this hatchway by providing up-to-date information on whether clinical studies of Salvia spp. and Mellissa officinalis corroborate their traditional use as cognition enhancers. To inform herbal do it will evaluate clinical studies to assess whet her the results have determined safe, effective herbal strategies and prescription for prophylaxis, management and amelioration of cognitive decline.2. The literature canvas2.1. Background clinical presentation and pathologyAlthough much scientific progress has been make since 1907 when Alois Alzheimer first described a case of dementia with peculiar patches disseminated throughout the cerebral cortex (Collins 1997 185), there is still much to influence soundly-nigh the aetiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease and new(prenominal) dementias (Knapp et al. 2007 11). The onrush of dementia is insidious, a good deal stemma as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and progressing to severe dementia over time (Loveman et al. 2006 4). In the early stages, episodes of mild forgetfulness or misplacing possessions ar often attri unlessed to normal aging. Patients plebeianly suffer from anomic aplasia and agnosia moreover retain spoken language information (Collins 1997 186). Demen tia becomes more apparent when sufferers are unable to learn late information, to register the content of a conversation, or to recall juvenile events or the names of family members. Unlike those with benign forgetfulness, dementia patients are oblivious(predicate) of their amnesia. Frequently, there are mood trans dos, depression and other psychologic disturbances. Language comprehension fails (aphasia) and eventually patients may simply repeat what they hear or be unable to speak at all. Visuospacial deficits commonly occur at a late stage (Collins 1997 186). Those bear upon have bar in reduplicate drawing simple objects.Differential diagnosis between MCI subtypes of various and hard aetiologies is challenging (Kidd 1999 145). As some MCI subtypes are reversible (Levey et al. 2006 992) prophylaxis for dementia could voltage droply encompass a range of varied or unknown aetiologies and pre work factors. Knowledge of these and an awareness of differing clinical presentat ions are therefore important (Levey et al 991). Additionally, an understanding of current orthodox treatment strategies and key neurochemical impairments in dementia burn down inform herbal practice of the most likely redress actions of herbs.2.1.1. Alzheimers diseaseAs clinical studies have indicated that mild to moderate Alzheimers disease (AD) responds better to allopathic drugs than severe AD (Levey et al 2006 993), to prevent rebirth of MCI to AD early diagnosis is important. shew apprizes that MCI associated with memory loss most commonly leads to AD (Levey et al. 991) and results of a clinicopathologic bailiwick of 80 subjects with MCI through to promethium suggest that depression is one of the first features of AD (Galvin et al. 2005 763). Formation of sink in neuritic senile plaques in the adept is characteristic of AD but as these can only be determined from biopsy (Collins 1997 186) probable diagnosis is make by clinical neuropsychological testing (Grossman et al. 2006 986) much(prenominal) as the mini Mental state Examination (MMSE) (Alzheimers Society 2002 436), while magnetic reverberance imaging can corroborate diagnosis by identifying areas of temporal neural loss (Vandenberghe and Tournay 2004 347).Progression of AD is unremitting for around 5-10 days until expiration ensues. In the final stages sufferers may develop apraxia, with difficulty in execute familiar tasks. A common cause of death is pneumonia when patients eventual difficulty with eating results in aspiration pneumonia (Collins 1997 186). The loss of faculties has been ascribed to both structural and neurochemical abnormalities (Perry et al. 1996 1063). gray plaques in the originators of AD patients confine amyloid and tau protein (microtubule associated protein) (Collins 1997 188). Since isolation of b-amyloid peptide from cerebral vessels in AD patients (Wong et al. 1984 8729), the accepted hypothesis for the pathogenesis of AD has been the amyloid hypothesis, wh ich proposes that AD is cod to excessive formation of extracellular b-amyloid (Ab?) from amyloid precursor protein (APP), a membrane protein in neurons (Grossman et al. 2006 986). It is thought that Ab molecules initiate a toxic shower long before plaque forms by causing an inflammatory reaction, disrupting synaptic function and causing neurons to degenerate (Grossman et al. 986) with a loss of cholinergic fibres in the basal forebrain. In vitro results suggest that Ab enters mitochondria and induces impeccant al-Qaida aggrieve (Reddy 2006 9). Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are believed to be formed by abnormal phosphorylation of tau proteins (Tanzi and Bertram 2005 545), curiously in the hippocampus and neocortex, areas of the brain involved in memory (Mantle et al. 2000 202). To date, thirteen genes have been implicated in AD (Bertram et al. 2007 17). Of sporadic late attempt Alzheimers up to 40% of cases may be payable to a untimely gene on chromosome 21, ApoE4, a n isoform of the ApoE gene that encodes for apolipoprotein, an astrocytic protein that may play a role in the reparative process in the brain. ApoE4s patho catching mechanism may be to enhance amyloid deposits wi edit out tissue paper by accelerating cleavage of b-peptide (Collins 1997 189). self-denial of a gene implicated in AD does not unavoidably result in its development, the likelihood of which is further complicated by the capability role of environmental factors much(prenominal) as viruses and toxins in combination with genetic factors (Bird 2005 864).2.1.2. Vascular dementiaVascular dementia (VaD) is any type of dementia caused by cerebral blood vessel disease (Micieli 2006 S37). Onset of VaD is usually abrupt. Imaging may reveal areas of multiple infarcts (Collins 1997 191) but their presence does not necessarily imply dementia (Grossman 2006 987). fit to Looi and Sachdev (1999) it is not possible to brand between AD and VaD with neuropsychological testing. Speech an d language difficulties associated with vascular dementia may be mild or there may be a more pronounced aphasia as in multi-infarct VaD (Collins 1997 191). 2.1.3. Frontal lobe dementiaFrontal lobe dementia or Picks disease is uncommon and is characterised by neuronal loss and gliosis. Rarely, there are fibrillary inclusion bodies in the neurons. Presentation of frontage lobe dementia differs from AD in that the first symptoms are a change in personality rather than memory loss (Collins 1997 193).2.1.4. Lewy body dementiasDementia with Lewy bodies may differ to AD in its presentation in that patients suffer from marked visual hallucinations. Additionally, cognition tends to fluctuate between normality and confusion. Parkinsonian features much(prenominal) as shuffling gait, tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity are prevalent. Sleep behaviour disorder, such(prenominal) as acting out attacking themes, may appear days before other signs of the disease (Grossman et al. 2006 989).2.2. Risk factorsFactors believed to pose a guess for developing dementia include cardiovascular disease, being female, a family record of dementia, Downs syndrome, older age, issueroom trauma, diabetes and lower educational standards (Collins 1997 186, 188 Lebson et al. 1997 301). 2.2.1. Cardiovascular disease Patients may have more than one type of dementia concurrently (Beers et al. 2006 1811). This is heighten by results of a number of epidemiological studies suggesting that cardiovascular disease increases the lay on the line of developing AD (Stampfer 2006 12). Using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography Sun et al. (2007 152) demonstrated minor cerebral blood flow velocities in MCI patients who also carried the ApoeE4 allele.Risk factors for VaD are believed to include artherogenic factors such as hypertension, hyper lipoidaemia, diabetes, and cigarette smoking (Micieli 2006 S38). Conversely, there are indications from clinical trials that nicotine has a protective effect for AD (Breteler et al. 1992 71). Results of a randomised, double-blind, multicentred trial in which subjects with hypertension were treated with antihypertensives or placebo suggest that hypertension is a try factor for developing both AD and VaD. Antihypertensives reduced risk by 55%. The results were noteworthy as subjects had similar characteristics, the sample sizing was large (3228) and equally divided into placebo and treatment groups. Median follow-up was 3.9 years (Forette et al. 2002 2047).2.2.2. Head trauma A meta-analysis by Fleminger et al. (2003 858) replicated earlier findings by Mortimer et al. (1991) that head injuries pose a risk for AD but only in males, thought to be receivable to an early protective effect of oestrogens in females (Fleminger et al. 860). Bias may have been introduced into both studies as informants recalled the injuries. 2.2.3. Diabetes mellitus Given that diabetes mellitus (DM) is a known risk factor for vascular disease it is not impress that mos t studies on the development of vascular dementia in DM patients have shown a positive association (Biessels 2004 10). Studies on DM as a risk factor for AD, however, have yielded conflicting results, possibly due to study limitations such as small sample sizes and selection crook (Leibson et al. 1997 301). Large longitudinal studies may be more reliable. A population-based historic cohort study of 1,455 cases followed over 9,981 person years fix a statistically significant positive association (Leibson et al. 304). According to results from the Framlingham Study, diabetes may not be an in regardent risk factor for developing AD but risk is brawnyly associated with possession of the ApoE4 genotype (Akomlafe et al. 2006 1551).2.2.4. Hormones Women are twice more likely than men to suffer from AD. Although this may be partly due to women having a longer life expectancy (Beers et al. 2006 1814) there is evince to suggest that a decline in endogenous oestrogen in later life plays a role in its pathogenesis. Oestrogen is believed to stimulate cholinergic performance, reduce oxidative stress related cell damage, reduce vascular risks, reduce Ab formation and promote synaptic activity (Zandi et al. 2002 2123 Hoskin et al. 2004 141). Evidence from studies to determine whether oestrogen-containing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women has a protective effect on the brain, however, is conflicting (Colucci et al. 2006 1376) but this may be due to differences in methodology and confounding factors (Resnick and Henderson 2002 2171). For example, in one large prospective study that found a positive correlation between HRT use and a significant reduction in AD development, patients with dementia were asked questions regarding preliminary use of HRT (Zandi et al. 2124) yet accurate recall in a dementia sufferer cannot be guaranteed. Results of a retrospective case-control study suggesting the likelihood of women developing AD increases with number of pregnancies ( Colucci et al. 2006 1375) could be of little value. Cases with previous head injuries, low educational standards, both considered risk factors for AD (Collins 1997 186 Fleminger et al. 2003 858), and those who had used HRT, were not excluded from the study.There is evidence to suggest testosterone may delay AD onset in men. Men over 32 years of age who were free from AD at baseline (n = 574) were followed for a mean of nineteen years (Moffat et al. 2004 188). Long-term free testosterone levels were significantly lower in men who positive AD.Due to conflicting results and confounding factors in the re seem the clinical evidence for risk factors for dementia is inconclusive. However, although more research is needed the results can assistant in informing herbal practice.2.3. Orthodox treatment strategiesAs cholinergic neurotransmitters are believed to have a role in memory function (Grossman et al. 2006 985) symptomatic treatment for subtypes of dementia is similar and focuses on ac etylcholinesterase ( offend) inhibition with drugs such as donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine (Loveman et al. 2006 8). According to Delagarza (2003 1366) loss of cholinergic neurons causes a decrease in acetylcholine and subsequent drop in stand with a compensatory rise in butylcholinesterase (BChE). Nicotinic receptors also decrease. Rivastigmine also inhibits BChE galantamine also acts on nicotinic receptors. Depression in dementia is treated with non-anticholinergic antidepressants as anticholinergic drugs exacerbate symptoms (Beers et al. 2006 1814). Another drug, memantine, a N-methyl-D-aspartic sultry (NMDA) receptor antagonist (Grossman et al. 987), licensed to treat moderate to severe AD, acts by modulating the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is believed to be associated with cholinergic damage and neurodegeneration when secreted in excess (Loveman et al. 2006 8).Dizziness, diarrhoea, headaches, illness and vomiting were found by a meta-analysis of de mentia drugs to be common adverse events with anti-cholinesterases and memantine (Loveman et al. 2006 49). Furthermore, their long-term benefits are inconclusive (Loveman et al. 145). Similarly, their use for vascular or Lewy body dementia is controversial as a review of clinical trials data deems there is insufficient evidence for their efficacy. Trials were of generally poor fictitious character and with inconsistent findings (Maggini et al. 2006 457).Other potential drugs for AD include 70 new compounds formulated to interfere with the toxic amyloid cascade or to place inflammation, oxidation or apoptosis (Grossman et al 2006 987). As g-aminobutyric acid (gamma aminobutyric acid) agonists can impair memory GABA antagonists are also being real (Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry). 2.4. Potential herbal treatment strategiesIn view of the hypothesised diseased sequelae, risk factors and current orthodox treatment of dementias, efficacious herbs for these condition s could potentially have one or more of AChE-inhibiting or cholinergic, antidepressant, hypotensive, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, GABA modulator, nicotinic agonist, testosterogenic and oestrogenic actions. According to Kennedy and Scholey (2006 4614) orthodox AChE inhibitors are not well tolerated by patients as they are toxic alkaloids and European plants traditionally used for cognitive sweetening may therefore depict non-alkaloid safer alternatives. To this end Salvia officinalis, Salvia lavandulaefolia and Melissa officinalis, members of the Labiatae family (Lamiaceae), have been extensively investigated in vitro.2.4.1. Salvia spp.Salvia is the largest genus in the Labiatae family with over 700 species. The most common European species are Salvia officinalis L (garden or common sage) (Figure 1) and Salvia lavandulaefolia Vahl (Spanish sage), both of which originate on the shores of the Mediterranean (Kennedy and Scholey 2006 4614). S. officinalis is an aromat ic, evergreen shrub up to 75 cm in height with greyish-green oblong to lanceolate opposite leaves covered in a fine down. It has bluish-violet, two-lipped flowers arranged in whorls (Wildwood 1998 202). S. lavandulaefolia has narrower leaves and a lower spreading wont (Sergei Savelevs Database).Sage was used in medieval Europe as a tisane for prolonging life and is a traditional spring tonic for strengthening wearied constitutions (Lipp 1996 63). According to Culpepper (1826 147) Sage is of excellent use to help the memory, warming and accelerate the senses and an old country remedy, which indicates its efficacy for inflammation A sunburnt expression is eased by washing with sage tea (Page 1978 41). Other traditional uses are for headaches and migraine (Page 34).The major active constituents of the leaves of both species are believed to be the volatile anoints (1.0-2.8%), containing monoterpenes such as a-pinene, b-pinene, 1-8-cineole, camphor, geraniol and thujone (Kennedy and Scholey 2006 4615). S. officinalis contains around 50% a- and b- thujone whereas only traces have been found in S. lavandulaefolia. As thujone, a terpenoid ketone, is potentially neurotoxic, S. lavandulaefolia may provide a safer alternative than S. officinalis to orthodox dementia drugs (Perry et al. 1999 530). However, S. officinalis is toxic only at doses of over 15 g (Grainger-Bissett and Wichtl 2001 441) but the oil should not be ingested. Both species contain polyphenolic compounds including rosmarinic acid, methyl carnosate, luteolin, luteolin-7-0-glucoside and caffeic acid (Kennedy and Scholey 4615), triterpenes eg oleanic acid and the flavonoids 5-Methoxysalvagenin (Barnes et al. 2002 408) and hispidulin (Johnston and Beart 2004 809).2.4.2. Melissa officinalisM. officinalis L (balm, lemon balm) (Figure 2) originates from the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia and is now astray cultivated in the west (Grainger Bissett and Wichtl 2001 329). It is a bushy perennia l, about 60 cm high with bright green, lemon-scented leaves in opposite pairs. Small liplike flowers grow in whorls and change colour from pale yellow to sporty or pale blue. Fresh leaves should be collected when young (Wildwood 1998 175). It has been in medicinal use as a nervous system revitalising for over 2000 years (Kennedy and Scholey 2006 4617). The London Dispensary (1696 cited in Grieve 1931) states An essence of Balm, prone in Canary wine every morning will revitalize youth, strengthen the brain John Evelyn wrote Balm is sovereign for the brain, strengthening the memory and powerfully chasing away melancholy (cited in Grieve 1931). There are no known contraindications or adverse personal effects (Barnes et al. 2002 339).M. officinalis contains 0.2-0.3% essential oil (EO) consisting of over 70 components including around 60% monoterpenoid aldehydes and over 35% sesquiterpenes. The regulation monoterpenes include citronellol, neral, geranial, methyl citronellate, ocime ne major sesquiterpenes include b-caryophylene and germacrene D. The herb also contains flavonoids, caffeic and chlorogenic glycosides, polyphenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid, and triterpenes (Granger Bissett and Wichtl 2001 330). 2.5. Possible mode of action of phytochemical constituents in dementia2.5.1. Antioxidant propertiesnumerous studies have been conducted on Salvia officinalis in a search for infixed antioxidants to use in the food industry. Consequently, results of chemical tests on purified buy foods of the herb have suggested that phenolic compounds rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol, carnosoic acid, rosmadiol, rosmanol, epirosmanol, isorosmanol, galdosol methyl carnosate, 9-erythrosmanol and luteolin-7-0-glucopyranoside have significant antioxidant activity (Bertelsen et al 1995 1272 Cuvelier et al. 1994 665 Pizzale et al. 2002 1651 Miura et al. 2002 1848 Wang et al. 1998 4869).S. lavandulaefolia dehydrated hitchhike extracts in ethanol, chloroform and wat er, and various EO monoterpenes were assayed for antioxidant properties in phospho lipid microsomes. The extracts and monoterpenes a-pinene, b-pinene, 1-8-cineole, camphor and geraniol and thujone all showed significant antioxidant activity (Perry et al. 2001 1351). The extracts showed greater antioxidant activity than any individual monoterpenes, which suggested a interactional effect (Perry et al. 1352). Ferreira et al. (2006 35) measured the antioxidant properties of EOs, decoctions and ethanolic extracts of M. officinalis and S. officinalis relative to b-carotene. The EO and decoctions of both herbs showed significant antioxidant activity. Lima et al (2007) found methanolic and aqueous extracts of S. officinalis prevented lipid peroxidation in hepatoma cells. As there were more phenolics in the methanol extract it was thought there were other antioxidant compounds in the aqueous extract.Ethanolic EO extract from dried M. officinalis investigated for its ability to inhibit lip id peroxidation in vitro showed a dose-dependent (10-20 mg) 80-90% protection of linoleic acid from peroxyl radical attack. As no rosmarinic acid was detected in the EO the antioxidant action was attributed to squalene (Marongiu et al. 2004 790). Considering there are potentially 70 constituents in the EO it is unlikely that this would have been the only active phytochemical but composition of the oil varies according to harvesting, origin and climate (Grainger-Bissett and Wichtl 2001 329). Interestingly, M. officinalis prepared as a tea demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity, which corresponded to high phenolic content, when assayed with the ABTS (2,2/-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical decolourisation assay (Ivanova et al. 2005 147).2.5.2. Anti-inflammatory activityChloroform, aqueous and ethanol extracts and monoterpenes of S. lavandulaefolia, were tested for their ability to inhibit formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in leucocytes (Perry et al. 2001 1348). The chloroform and ethanol extracts showed significant inhibition of LTB4. Alpha-pinene and geraniol showed weak selectivity for LTB4 and TXB2 respectively (Perry et al. 1351). The results support the traditional use of S. lavandulaefolia as an anti-inflammatory herb but indicate that it is the sum of the whole plant phytochemicals acting in synergy that are likely to contribute to this action. A standardised ethanolic extract containing 9.9% rosmarinic acid (RA) from the leaves of S. officinalis reduced Ab-induced neuronal cell death, Ab-induced lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species formation, DNA fragmentation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in vitro (Iuvone et al. 2006 1143). Kimura et al (1987) found rosmarinic acid (RA) had the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines in tender polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) in vitro. As both species contain RA these results suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammator y and neuroprotective properties of M. officinalis and the Salvia spp. against Ab-induced neurotoxicity. 2.5.3. Oestrogenic activityA range of concentrations of EO, ethanolic, chloroform and aqueous extracts and isolated monoterpenes of S. lavandulaefolia were assayed in yeast culture for oestrogen-binding properties. The EO showed weak oestrogenic activity at low concentrations. The aqueous and ethanolic fractions and geraniol showed significant oestrogenic activity (Perry et al. 2001 1352). The results of this experiment support S. lavandulaefolias use as an oestrogenic herb. The effects of S. officinalis in combination with Medicago sativa were assessed on menopausal symptoms related to oestrogen deprivation. Hot flushes and night sweats were completely eliminated in 20 out of 30 women (De Leo et al. 1998 207). These effects were attributed to dopaminergic actions but it is not clear for which herb. S. officinalis does, however, contain geraniol found to be oestrogenic in vitro ( Perry et al. 2001 1352).2.5.4. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activityM. officinalis EO demonstrated strong AChE inhibition in homogenised human brain tissue but ethanolic extract of the dried leaf had no effect. Ethanolic perfumed leaf extract showed a weak effect (Perry et al. 1996 1064). Conversely, when EOs and ethanolic extracts of M. officinalis were assayed in solution with AChE negligible results were obtained for its inhibition by EO and significant results for its ethanolic extract (Ferreira et al. 2006 34). Dried, reconstituted ethanolic, ethyl acetate rayon or aqueous extracts of M. officinalis, yielding 10mg/ml, demonstrated weak AChE inhibitory activity when assayed in a chemical system using thin layer chromatography (Salah and Jger 2005 146). The herbs were purchased from local suppliers in the Lebanon so their quality is unknown.S. officinalis EO and ethanolic extract assayed in solution with AChE showed moderate AChE inhibitory activity (Ferreira et al. 2006 34 ). Moderate (dose-dependent) AChE and weak BChE inhibition was demonstrated by ethanolic extracts of fresh and dried S. officinalis and S. lavandulaefolia in human brain homogenates. The EOs had significant effects but not the individual constituents (camphor, thujone, cineole, caffeic acid and borneol) (Perry et al. 1996 1066). The findings suggest a major synergistic effect of the constituents (Perry et al. 2000 895), which was later confirmed by Savelev et al. (2003 667). The results for camphor conflict with another experiment in which S. lavandulaefolia EO and isolated monoterpenes a-pinene, 1-8-cineole and camphor demonstrated AChE inhibitory activity in human erythrocytes.Ethanolic extracts of dried S. officinalis, S. lavandulaefolia and M. officinalis were assayed for acetylcholine (ACh) receptor activity in human brain homogenate. All plants demonstrated ACh receptor activity and M. officinalis had the highest nicotinic displacement value (Wake et al. 2000 108). 2.5.5. GABA modulationMethanol extract from S officinalis leaves revealed the flavonoids apigenin, hispidulin and cirsimaritin functioning as benzodiazepine receptor-active components (Kavvadias et al. 2003 113), suggesting a potential calming effect for the herb, which may be relevant to AD.2.6. military rank of in vitro studiesAccording to the results all three herbs may have AChE inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and S. lavandulaefolia and S. officinalis may have and oestrogenic properties (Appendix I, Table 1, page 36) and a tranquilising effect for S. officinalis.Although these results are interesting in vitro systems cannot be extrapolated to humans and clinical evidence is necessary to support findings. For example, they cannot determine effective human venereal disease or mode of administration. They largely do not account for potential synergistic effects of the herbs nor do they provide an indication of in vivo physiological, pathological and genetic, or en vironmental, influences. Furthermore, the extent to which phytochemicals in herbs are effective in dementia may depend upon their bioavailability in the brain (Anekonda and Reddy 2005 371). It is worth noting, however, that as terpenoids tend to be lipophilic they are able to cross the blood brain barrier (Houghton and Howes 2005 12). Some results are conflicting but they may depend on methodological quality and design. The experiments cited above vary widely in their approach with regard to extraction methods and assay methods. Savelev (2003 667) has demonstrated how two disparate methods used for exploring interactions between the same agents may give different results when use to the same set of data. Consistency of results may also be affected by differences in harvesting times and quality of herbs. Results for M. officinalis are oddly inconsistent but, according to Perry et al. (1996 1068) most commercial sources of the EO are adulterated. Additionally, variation in media com position is known to affect the outcome of in vitro tests (Maurer and Kuschinsky 2006 73). Consequently, in vitro experiments can only provide an indication of the clinical efficacy of therapeutic interventions. However, notwithstanding the inherent difficulties of in vitro research with herbs, there is considerable consistency with their potential value in dementia prophylaxis and management (Appendix I, Table I, page 36). bright results in vitro of constituents of plants traditionally used to enhance memory, and subsequent interest in their potential actions in the brains of human patients, has generated clinical trials of M. officinalis and Salvia spp. for dementia. These will be reviewed. 3. MethodA computerised literature search was conducted on the Allied and complementary color Medicine Database (AMED) including CINAHL Database, EMBASE, Pascal Biomed, Biological Abstracts, RCN Journals Database and IPA (International Pharmaceutical Abstracts) PubMed, the Cochrane Collabora tion, Bandolier, the NHS Centre for Reviews, The National look into Register, ADEAR (Alzheimers Disease Education and Referral Centre database), PLoS (Public Library of Science), Herbalgram and Alt HealthWatch as well as hand-searching in books and journals. Literature searches dated back to 1985 and the final search was in April 2007.Key words in medical subject headings (MeSH) for an initial search in various Boolean combinations were memory, cognitive dysfunction, dementia, Alzheimers, herbal, botanicals, phytotherapy, complementary and alternative. Also, in a second search these MeSh terms were entered with key herbs Salvia, sage, Melissa and lemon balm.Inclusion criteriaControlled clinical trials, observational studies and case reports. Herbs for which there are at least two clinical studies in relation to cognitive enhancement. Exclusion criteriaDue to the limitations and ethical considerations of animal experiments the review is restricted to human trials.Trials with combine d preparations are excluded.Due to time constraints and a restriction to text file in the English language a complete systematic review is not viable at this time. To eliminate

Cystic Fibrosis and Gene Therapy Essay -- Science Genetics Biology Pap

Cystic Fibrosis and constituent TherapyThe average life span of a soulfulness with Cystic Fibrosis is 25-30 years of age. Although the more traditional treatments of this indisposition atomic number 18 adequate, is thither something else that could be even better? Gene therapy is fast becoming adept of the more studied aspects of agenttics today. Lets take a look at some details of Cystic Fibrosis and ingredient therapy.Technical AspectsCystic Fibrosis (CF) is the about common fatal genetic disease in the United States today. CF is an autosomal recessive disease that occurs approximately ace out of 3,300 reside births (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 1998). Autosomal means that the gene for CF is not carried on the invoke chromosomes and males and females are both afflicted by this disease. Recessive inheritance is when both parents carry the abnormal gene in their DNA but they themselves do not show evidence of the disease. The mother and father have one normal gene and one a bnormal gene and dont show signs of disease because the normal gene dominates the abnormal gene. To have CF, a child mustiness inherit two abnormal genes, one from each parent. Remember that chromosomes are made up of DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is made up of genes, and genes are made up of building blocks called base pairs. The specific gene responsible for CF was identified in 1989 on human chromosome 7 (Pseudomonas Genome Project, 1998). A mutation, or change in the genetic material, resulting in a substitution or loss of one of the base pairs causes the CF gene to be abnormal (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 1995).CF does not affect all battalion the same way. The basic problem for all patients however is an abnormality in glands, which produce mucus or sweat. The mucus produced by people... ...ctsabo.htmhttp//www.cff.org/factsabo.htm Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Gene Therapy. Obtained from the entanglement 10/31/98 http//www.cff.org/genether.htm Genentech Incorporated, Gen e Therapy-An Overview. Obtained from the entanglement 10/31/98 http//www.gene.com/AE/AB/IWT/Gene_Therapy_Overview.html McClean, Phillip. Variation in Chromosome Structure. Obtained from the WWW 10/15/98 http//www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/chromstruct/chrmo2.htm Pseudomonas Genome Project, Cystic Fibrosis. Obtained from the WWW 10/31/98 http//www.pseudomonas.com/cystic_fibrosis.html Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, An Introduction to Cystic Fibrosis for Patients and Families in Respiratory Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook. Health Reference Series, V. 6, 1995. Sect. 5.1, p. 240. WWWebster Dictionary. Obtained from the WWW 11/2/98 http//www.m-w.com/

Hemingway and Symbolism Essay -- essays papers

Hemingway and SymbolismErnest Hemingway and Symbolism Ernest Miller Hemingway is a well- roll in the hayn American author who wrote in thetwentieth century. He has written some(prenominal) novels such as, A Farewell to Arms, For Whomthe Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. The solarize besides Rises was finished on April1, 1926 and was published in October of 1926. The Sun Also Rises was Hemingways expression of his own life. He had changed the names of his friends and some of the details, but the touchable identities of the components were obvious to anyone in Paris. The Sun Also Rises encapsulates the angst of the post-World War I generation, know as the Lost Generation. This poignantly beautiful story of a crowd of American and English expatriates on a sojourn from Paris to Pamplona represents a dramatic step forward for Hemingways evolving style. Featuring Left Bank Paris in the 1920s and brutally realistic descriptions of bullfighting in Spain, the story is intim ately the sweet wattle Lady Brett Ashley and the hapless Jake Barnes. Ernest Miller Hemingway is an American author who has penned several novels and lilliputian stories one of his works is The Sun Also Rises.Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. Hemingway was raised with the conservative Midwestern values of strong religion, with child(p) work, physical fitness and self determination if one adhered to these parameters, he was taught, he would be ensured of success in whatever field he chose . As a boy, he was taught by his father to hunt and fish. When he wasnt track down or fishing his mother taught him the finer points of music. Hemingway never had a readiness for music and suffered through choir practices and cello lessons, however the musical noesis he acquired from his mo... ...ause the baby will ruin both oftheir lives. Next is the character of the woman who shows contrast, and supports thequalities of the girl. She is called the woman because she is older, and the readeris to assume, wiser, and experienced. The girl talks about having a fine time andtrying naked as a jaybird drinks which shows that she is still young, vitality a life of ease,experiencing a lot of things, where as the woman brings these spick-and-span drinks to the girl. This displays the woman as mature, older, and experienced because she is workinginstead of trying upstart drinks, and having a fine time. She is no longer youndleisurely trying new drinks, she is working trying to earn a living. She is an indirectsupportive whatchamacallit of the theme in that she the opposite image of what the girl is. Thewoman further defines the symbolic qualities of the girl, in other words.

Right Stuff :: essays research papers

The Right occludeAs one advances in their educational process it becomes apparent that approximately of their teachers were a significant cut above the rest. These few individuals are of necessity viewed as master craftsmen. But why is it that some instructors posses the right stuff for being effective with their pupils while others do non? When one analyzes their educational experience, those instructors that were extremely effective appear to them as makers of attractive wine, turning grapes into a drink which is pleasurable to the pallet. All instructors careers starts out in some(prenominal) the same manner as a trades apprentice. First, they must(prenominal) go to school themselves. Then, they must observe experts in action. And finally, they mother to exercise their newly acquired skills. The instructors that eventually become effective quickly visualize there is much more to the fermentation process than this. They realize that to be effective with a student there a re additional requirements that must be adhered to. To make a fine wine they must subscribe to delicately blend the right components of personality, motivation, and above all patients.The initial constituent required to becoming an effective instructor is of personality. The personality of the instructor affects from each one and every student they are in contact with. An effective instructor will develop a personality that conveys humor into the learning process. It is scarce natural that what one finds humorous, one tends to remember longer. Additionally, if an instructor to be a cut above the rest, their personality must be of fairness and comparability for each student. Students feel that, if their instructor really doesnt like them much anyway, there isnt much use in trying as hard as they would otherwise. As the apprentices of the instructor trade begin to ruffle a warm, humorous, and friendly personality into their instructional style, the first process in fine wine ma king is achieved. Secondly, the instructor then adds motivation to their students behavior. When an instructor motivates a student to do well, the student usually tries to succeed beyond that point. This can most easily be done by the optimistic reinforcement of the students abilities and through constructive criticism. When an instructor portrays to their students that they believe in their abilities, the student unknowingly starts believing that they do posses the same abilities. Through applying the second ingredient to becoming an effective instructor, motivation, the grapes start to ferment and the apprentice now becomes a journeymen of the wine making trade.

Functions of the CIA Essay -- Government Central Intelligence Agency

CIA Research PaperThe exchange erudition Agency is the Presidents independent foreign intelligence arm, responsible to him through the Director of National newsworthiness and the National Security Council, and accountable to the peck of the United States by inter action with the intelligence oversight committees of Congress. The CIA has many an(prenominal) duties within those boundaries and performs a variety of functions through many forms of intelligence. They employ people from all backgrounds of academic study, from linguists to economists, along with people from varied ethnic backgrounds to bunk as specialists. It is a large agency with many responsibilities, but well-nigh importantly they perform critical work for the President regarding international intelligence.The Central Intelligence Agencys main responsibility is stated in its Vision statement We will provide knowledge and take action to ensure the national security of the United States and the preservation o f American spiritedness and ideals (www.cia.gov). The CIAs job is to provide pertinent, timely, and un-biased foreign intelligence. They also act as an unseen force by conducting undercover action as consistent by the President in order to preempt threats or come through objectives of the United States. The CIA is the only intelligence organization that is not subject to storage locker prerogative, making it reliable in it is unbiased in its reports, because it has no governmental agenda. There are six main types of intelligence by which the CIA collects information. kind-hearted intelligence (HUMINT) is information gathered by field operatives through public and covert techniques (www.cia.gov). Communications intelligence (COMINT) is acquired from intercepted foreign communications (www.cia.go... ...ence that is attained by the CIA is vital to the decisions made by top U.S. officials.BibliographyCentral Intelligence Agency. The humans Factbook. www.cia.gov 02/26/06 Central Intelligence Agency. Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency 2/26/06CIA (United States Central Intelligence Agency). United States Central Intelligence Agency Forum. http//www.espionageinfo.com/Ch-Co/CIA-United-States-Central-Intelligence-Agency.html 3/18/06 drug Enforcement Agency. United States Department of Justice. www.dea.gov 3/18/06National Security Council. The snow-white House. www.whitehouse.gov 3/18/06United States Intelligence Community. www.intelligence.gov 3/18/06U.S. Espionage and Intelligence. Jeffrey Richelson. George capital letter University.http//www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/nsa/publications/ie/index.html 2/26/06

Flexible Work Practices and Firm Characteristics Essays -- Business Ma

INTRODUCTIONAn increasing amount of companies are imple menting flexible range practices as to a greater extent US households have dual incomes, forgeing yearner hours, and labor force participation rates increase (Winder, 2009). compromising progress to practices can enable bestowers with care giving responsibilities to perform at their treetop capacity instead of conforming to standard work schedules that stifle their efforts to espouse (Glass, 2004). If, true the productivity of workers should rise with the use of flexible work practices and should be positively correlated with enhanced wage growth over time. This productivity enhancing effect should particularly lead to higher wage growth among those keep by rigid work schedules and long hours of work, namely mothers of dependent children (Sharpe, Hermsen & Billings, 2002). all the aforementioned(prenominal) this may not be the case with women. Currently women are not on par dollar for dollar with men. Yet economists think that the time out between pay for women and men is due to different personal choices men and women make about personal fulfillment, child rearing and hours at work. side by side(p) this further, in the past women would choose to work less hours to allot more time to their children, but there is an increasing number of women who continue to work fulltime throughout motherhood with the help of flextime (Glass, 2004). However these women still encounter the same pattern of wage stagnation (McCrate, 2005). Parents are using flexible work options but mothers appear to be penalized for it. Previously in this paper it was tell that flextime enables workers to achieve the same or greater productivity levels than standardized schedules. So with other factors being accounted for such as personality, seniority, financial sta... ...em? American behavioural Scientist, 44(7), 1157-1178.Goldin, C. & Katz, L. (2011). The Cost of Workplace Flexibility for High-Powered Professionals. The ANNALS of the American academy of Political and Social Science, 638(1), 1-23.McCrate, E. (2005). Flexible Hours, Workplace Authoirty. and Compensating Wage Differentials in the US. womens rightist Economics, 11(1), 11-39.Ralson, D.A. (1989). The Benefits of flextimeReal or Imagined? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10 (4), 369-373Ralston, D. (1990). How flexitime eases work-family tensions. Personnel, 67, 45-48.Sharpe, D. L., Hermsen, J. M., & Billings, J. (2002). Gender differences in use of alternative full-time work arrangements of married workers. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 31, 78-111.Winder, K. (2009). Flexible Work Arrangements and Wages Do Firm Characteristics Matter.

A Mythical Analysis Of A Yaqui Way Of Knowledge :: essays research papers fc

A Mythical Analysis of A Yaqui Way of KnowledgeIn the summer of 1960 a UCLA anthropology student traveled tothe southwest to do research on medicinal typesets. While at a bus station, hemet an extraordinary man. His name was bear Juan Mateus, scarcely I will refer to himas don Juan. male p arnt Juan, a Yaqui "brujo" or shaman, decides to teach Carlos the"Yaqui way of knowledge." It is not known if these stories are parable or non-fiction and umpteen critics still debate over his literature. I interpret his booksas modern mythological stories for several reasons. The "Heroic transitArchetype" and shamanistic ideologies, and excessively the general moral, explainative,and philosophical content of his writings indicate that these stories can beviewed as "modern myth".throughout Castenedas stories you can see the "Heroic Journey Archetype".Carlos goes through a restless stage and breaks ties with his studies andprofessors at school. He mo ves forward with the help of don Juan, whoseshamanic wisdom enlightens and guides Carlos along his spiritual path. He alsofaces death numerous times in his quest to become a warrior. Fin partner, after manyyears, he "passes through". This mythological archetype is one of the mainreasons I believe his stories are mythical in nature.There are also many shamanistic idealogies that run throughout his stories.Views of the natural world including plant disembodied spirit, animal life, and elements areall personified. Everything is embodied with spirit. Concepts of reality are modify through drug induced states. Mushrooms and mezcal are mainly utilize inrituals that don Juan uses to teach Carlos his way of knowledge Mescalito, the"spirit" of the peyote plant, indicated to don Juan that Carlos was the "chosen"one, the person to whom don Juan should pass on his knowledge(CLC,87). Don Juanspeaks of many different spirits and separate realities. His teachings gave an explanation to mans view of innovation and his ignorance resulting fromattachment to the material world.Mythological proof is also found in don Juans teachings, which compare Indianfolklore, mysticism, and philosophy. Don Juan explains that there are manydifferent planes of reality and that a warrior must detach himself with the aidof an ally. Carloss ally is "Mescalito" or the spirit of the peyote plant.Don Juans ally is "the little low-down" a mixture made from hallucinogenicmushrooms. He explains that all life is made up of controlled folly andattachment to the material world causes ignorance and blindness. A warrior mustlearn to "see" and an ally helps achieve these states of non-ordinary "seeing."Don Juans teachings are closely related to Buddhist philosophy.

Greed of the Pardoner in Chaucers Canterbury Tales :: Pardoners Tale Essays

Canterbury Tales - The Greed of the forgiver Throughout literature, relationships can often be nominate between the author of a story and the story that he writes. In Geoffrey Chaucers frame story, Canterbury Tales, more of the characters make this idea evident with the tales that they tell. A limpid relationship can be made between the character of the Pardoner and the tale that he tells. Through the Prologue to the Pardoners tale, the character of the Pardoner is revealed. Although the Pardoner displays soldieryy important traits, the most prevalent is his greed. Throughout the prologue, the Pardoner displays his greed and purge admits that the only thing he cares or so is money I prophesy nothing except for gain (Pardoners Tale, Line 105). This avarice is seen potently in the Pardoners tale as well. In the Pardoners tale, three friends begin a journey in order to murder Death. On their journey, though, an old man leads them to a with child(p) deal of treasure. At this poi nt, all three of the friends in the tale display a greed similar to the Pardoners. The three friends reconcile that someone should bring bread and wine for a celebration. As the youngest of the friends leaves to go buy wine, the other two greedily plot to decimate him so they can split the treasure only two ways. Even the youngest decides to frame up it in his mind to buy poison / With which he might kill his two companions (383, 384). The greed, which is evident in the character of the Pardoner, is also clearly seen in the tale. Another trait that is displayed by the Pardoner and a character in his tale is hypocrisy. Although the Pardoner is extremely greedy, he continues to try and teach that voraciousness is the root of all evil (6). The characters in his tale display great hypocrisy as well. As the tale begins, the friends all act genuinely trustworthy and faithful towards all of their friends. They nobly make a finish to risk their lives while trying to slay their friends murderer. As they talk about their challenge, they pledge to live and die each of them for the other, / As if he were his experience blood brother (241-242). At the end of the tale, the brothers begin to reveal their full-strength nature. They all turn on each other in an cause to steal the treasure for themselves.

Prescience, Genetic Memory, and Personal Identity in Frank Herberts Dune Trilogy :: Frank Herbert Dune

Prescience, Genetic Memory, and Personal Identity in red hot Herberts dune TrilogyAny road followed precisely to its end leads precisely nowhere. arise the mountain just a little bit to test that its a mountain. From the top of the mountain, you cannot suck the mountain(Herbert, Dune 68). Bene Gesserit ProverbBen Bova begins his liner notes on Frank Herbert Reads his God Emperor of Dune (Excerpts) by stating that All in truth great art sh bes this characteristic the to a greater extent you study it, the more it reveals (Herbert). Although it refers specifically to the fourth book in the Dune Chronicles, his statement also applies to the trilogy that precedes itDune, Dune Messiah, and Children of Dune. Herberts polyphonic work contains themes on so many levels (ecology, politics, war, philosophy, religion, and technology, just to trace a few), that it soon beseems difficult to separate one from the other. The topic of sympathetic awareness, however, takes on a specific tone and special level of sizeableness above all the others. Whether looking at the Bene Gesserit infanthood and their political intrigues and planning, or the Mentats historical role as the human computer 1 , file away and analyzing countless bits of data, human awareness somehow always becomes a focus. Even in the economics of the work, where the coin of the realm, the spice melange, is able not only to extend human life, but also to open up both past and future to the properly prepared mind, does this theme become evident. With all of his attention on the awareness of humanity, however, Herbert had more common and more difficult questions on his mind. By creating a character, Paul Atreides, who is able to see not only into the future, but also into the past lives that made up his long list of ancestors, the questions of personal and societal identity are brought forward. These powers, which Herbert refers to as prescience and genetic memory, respectively, give Paul so much knowledge t hat he is no longer able to function as an individual. He finds himself limited to certain actions because he knows the outcomes. Once on top of the mountain, so to speak, he can no longer see where he stands. In turn, Pauls son Leto II and daughter Ghanima, as well as his sister Alia, are also forced to deal with the issues of such knowledge in the entirely different light of Abomination, a condition that befalls those whose inherited memories are unearthed before they are born.

Myth and the Modern World Essay -- Heros Journey, Hospitality

Since the beginning of time, people deport been inquisitive the universe looking for answers to the burning interestions rough what it all means. By looking to the past, we engender parallels that help put our own modern lives into perspective. We mortals have an unsatiated quest for knowledge ab let out everything under the sun. Who are we? Where did we come from? why are we here? What happens next? By analyzing the meaning of ancient Mythology and applying the lessons well-educated with the heros quests, we gain insight and perspective about our own place in the modern world we live in today. By visualizing and internalizing the lessons learned through the mythological heros journeys, we find relevance in the symbolism and metaphors that mirror our own struggles and inspire us to find the courage and determination to overcome them.I am non a deeply religious person scarce I do believe in something. What that something is, I am not entirely sure. However, alike( p) the characters in the myths we have read about this semester, I know that I am also on a journey that hopefully matchless day will reveal the answers to the questions Ive been looking for along with the ones I havent even thought of yet. Life is a quest that begins at birth and continues until the day we die. Our quests resemble the heros journeys because in attempting to achieve our goals we stumble, fall, get a little help if were lucky, whence get up and try again. Sometimes I pray for charming help as I struggle to overcome obstacles along the way, but so far no gods or goddesses have materialized to help me out in my times of need. I guess thats why we have family - those people in our lives we sometimes cant live with but could never live without. They are the ones... ... process. Like the mythological characters weve been introduced to this semester, we travel through life and face obstacles that either make us stronger or sunder us into a million pieces. Its u p to us to adopt how we put those pieces back together.Works CitedJason and the Golden Fleece. Ancient Greece Mythology. Copyright 2003-2012 University mess Inc. . Web. 11 Oct 2013. . Raffel, Burton . Beowulf. New York, NY Signet Classic, 1963. print. Gardner, John. Grendel. New York, NY Vintage Books, 1971. Print. Fagles, Robert. The Odyssey. Deluxe. New York, NY Penguin Classics, 1996. Print. cyclopedia Mythica. MCMXCV - MMXII Encyclopedia Mythica.. Web. 11 Oct 2013. . The Epic of Gilgamesh. Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center, Web. .

Internal Combustion Engines :: essays research papers

Internal combustion EnginesIntroductionInternal Combustion Engine, a heat railway locomotive in which the fuel is burned (that is, linked with oxygen ) within the confining space of the locomotive itself.This burning regale releases large amounts of energy, which are transformedinto work through the mechanism of the locomotive engine. This guinea pig of engine differentfrom the steam clean engine, which process with an external combustion engine thatfuel burned apart from the engine. The principal types of internal combustionengine are reciprocating engine such as Otto-engine, and Diesel engines androtary engines, such as the Wankel engine and the Gas-turbine engine.In general, the internal combustion engine has experience the means ofpropulsion in the transportation field, with the exception of large shipsrequiring over 4,000 shaft horsepower ( hp).In stationary applications, size of unit and topical anaesthetic factor oftendetermine the choice between the use of steam and diesel engine. Diesel powerplants have a distinct economic advantage over steam engine when size of theplant is low about 1,000 hp. However there are many diesel engine plants muchlarge than this. Internal combustion engines are particularly eliminate forseasonal industries, because of the small standby losses with these enginesduring the shutdown period.HistoryThe premier experimental internal combustion engine was made by a Dutchastronomer, Christian Huygens, who, in 1680, applied a principle advance(a) byJean de Hautefeuille in 1678 for drawing water. This principle was based on thefact that the explosion of a small amount of gunpowder in a unappealing chamberprovided with escape valves would create a hoover when the gases of combustioncooled. Huygens, using a cylinder containing a plunger, was able to draw it inthis manner by the external atmospheric pressure.The initiative commercially practical internal combustion engine was built bya French engineer, ( Jean Jose ph ) Etienne Lenoir, about 1859-1860. It usedilluminating gas as fuel. Two years later, Alphonse Beau de Rochas enunciatedthe principles of the four-stroke cycle, but Nickolaus August Otto built thefirst successful engine ( 1876 ) operating on this principle.Reciprocating EngineComponents of EnginesThe essential move of Otto-cycle and diesel engines are the same. Thecombustion chamber consists of a cylinder, usually fixed, which is closed at oneend and in which a close-fitting piston slides. The in-and-out motion of thepiston varies the volume of the chamber between the inner display case of the piston andthe closed end of the cylinder. The outer face of the piston is link to acrankshaft by a connecting rod. The crankshaft transforms the reciprocatingmotion of the piston into rotary motion.

Intrapersonal Intern :: essays papers

Intrapersonal Intern In using my Intrapersonal communion I trying to process the information from the environment and sending explanations to myself. The commencement exercise I can remember doing this a lot. I was watch the another(prenominal) members that work in the role very closely in how they shed to each other. What considerate of verbal and non-verbal communication do they use. I do not think I was doing to be critical but to merely understand whom I am working with and get some kind of feeling where I will fit in. One interesting subject that I picked up was small but something to remember. There argon 2 different lines for the outdoor recreation program. Jared has one and Crissy has the other one. Walking into Crissy office everything is in place ver net and clean. Youre able to see everything easily. When you go into Jared office you got a disaster. Boxes of Tennis stuff all over the office. In the other corner you deport outdoor magazines all over the traumatize and side desk. His desk is filled with paper work after paper work. On the other sided of the office you shake off the work-study desk and that is neat and cleaned off. Sometimes I adore if it is a man woman thing that the desks are clean or disorder. See how Jared now works with four women in the offices. I do not think that it is true because I have some friends who are woman and their desks are dirtier than Jareds is. The good thing that I have noticed about Jared thought is that his may look disorder but he know where everything is. If I would have asked the girls for something on their desk they could not have found it very quickly. I everlastingly see Jared and Crissy outside of the office and they always speak to me and ask me how I am doing. When they send me e-mails they are always friendly and telling me to have good or ample weekends. So I do see that they are trying to submit it as comfortable as they can or know how. They always tell me that educat ion comes first so if I had a walloping exam or something like then I could work on that during my hour if I need to.

Comparing Keynesian Economics and Supply Side Economic Theories :: Economy

Comparing Keynesian Economics and return Side Economic Theories Two controversial scotch policies are Keynesian economics and Supply Side economics. They represent polar sides of the economic policy spectrum and were introduced at opposite ends of the 20th century, yet fluent are the most famous for their effects onthe miserliness of the united States when they were used. The founder of Keynesian economic theory was John Maynard Keynes. He do many great accomplishments during his time and probably his greatest was what he did for the States in its hour of need. During the 1920s, the U.S. experienced a stock market disrupt of enormous proportions which crippled the economy for years. Keynesknew that to recover as soon as possible, the government had tointervene and put a decrease on taxes along with an increase inspending. By putting more money into the economy and allowingmore Americans to keep what they earned, the economy soonrecovered and once again became prosperous. Keynes ideas werevery radical at the time, and Keynes was called a socialist indisguise. Keynes was not a socialist, he just wanted to make surethat the tidy sum had enough money to invest and second the economyalong. As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as stressing extremes, Keynesian economics pushed for a happy medium where take and prices are constant, and there is no surplus in supply, but in like manner no deficit. Supply Side economics emphasized the supply of goods and services. Supply Side economics supports higher taxes and less government spending to help economy. Unfortunately, the Supply Side theory was applied in excess duringa period in which it was not completely necessary. The Supply Side theory, withal known as Reganomics, was initiated during the Regan administration.

Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

SlaverySlavery in America brought about a successful south but also proved to be whizz of the most terrible things d angiotensin-converting enzyme by humans to humans. Slavery became a way of life in early America. Eight out of the kickoff twelve presidents owned slaves. People in the south benefited from slaves the most. Harvesting those wide cotton fields took many hands. Thats were the slaves became key to the success of the south. Slaves were predominately pitch blackness Africans. Africans made up the majority but they were non the only ones. natural Americans and even English indentured servants made up the rest of the large number put into slavery. There argon two different kinds of slaves. There are slaves that stayed in the house and took care of the families, and there were the slaves that worked the land. Domestic slaves were usu eachy women and children. involve and young boys made up the farm hands. These men worked from sunrise to sundown. working(a) outside was by far the worst of the two. Some slaves didnt reduce under these to types there were slaves that served as guides, trappers, craft workers and nurses. Jobs that people do non relate slaves with. Slaves had different jobs depending on what of the country they were sent to. Slaves in the north-central generally worked in the mills and clearing forest. Slaves in the south worked the farms all year. Up north slaves only had to work the farms in the summer months because of the pixilated winters they went through. Domestic slaves stayed in the house picked up after the family, cooked and served meals, cleaned and kept up with the daily chores of the house. It was easier than working outside. Slaves were treated as property. Owners had the right to do whatever they wanted to them. They were property, not people. Owners would have the white farm hands rack in the fields and make sure the slaves were working as profuse and hard as they could. If they werent working as hard as they could and a white farmhand saw it. The slaves would be beaten, and sometimes in severe cases killed. When the owner wasnt around slaves could interact with each other. Families that came oer on the boats were ripped apart at the auction blocks. They were thrown together not knowing each other and had to form some kind of mental synthesis to their personal lives. Younger men and women and children looked up the older men and women as parents. Slaves would be put in... ...hat captains could get their hands on. The owners of the ships had to keep the slaves in fine good shape to get top dollar for them. The white illustrate hands would bring the slaves on deck and go through and play they called dance. The men were forced to jump until the shackles broke they skin on their ankles. The women and children who were not shackled could dance to a rhythm. Slaves enjoyed their exercise because it was the only time they were clamorously to move around. If the slaves refused to dance they were beaten with whips. The whips were called cat-o-nine-tails they were made up of nine cord covered with tar each cord had a knot at the end. When bad weather hit it became very rough for the slaves. The slaves were not obstreperously to come up on the deck. This is where disease and filth ran through the slaves. In conclusion, slavery although was a big part of the rise of this country. It was looking back, one of the most terrible things done by humans to other humans. eruditeness from our mistakes took a long time. The Civil War was the point in our chronicle where everyone realized that you could not treat people like animals. That everyone is looked upon as equals.